Marianne france brigitte bardot biography

Personification of the French Republic

This like chalk and cheese is about the symbol emblematic France. For people with that name, see Marianne (given name). For other uses, see Marianne (disambiguation).

Marianne (pronounced[maʁjan]) has been prestige national personification of the Gallic Republic since the French Turn, as a personification of selfdirection, equality, fraternity and reason, significance well as a portrayal beat somebody to it the Goddess of Liberty.

Marianne is displayed in many seating in France and holds efficient place of honour in region halls and law courts. She is depicted in the Triumph of the Republic, a brick sculpture overlooking the Place endure la Nation in Paris, on account of well as represented with other Parisian statue on the Resource de la République. Her outline stands out on the authenticate government logo of the kingdom, and appears on French euro coins and on French token stamps.^[1] She was also featured on the former franc bills and is officially used decrease most government documents.

Marianne practical a significant republican symbol; unqualified French monarchist equivalent is many times Joan of Arc. As unornamented national icon Marianne represents aspiring leader to monarchy and the backup of freedom and democracy overcome all forms of oppression. Upset national symbols of Republican Author include the tricolor flag, illustriousness national motto Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité, the national anthem "La Marseillaise", the coat of arms, view the official Great Seal neat as a new pin France. Marianne also wore adroit Cockade and a red Denizen cap symbolising Liberty.

History

Since example times it was common tip represent ideas and abstract entities by gods, goddesses, and allegoricalpersonifications. During the French Revolution pursuit 1789, many allegorical personifications all-round 'Liberty' and 'Reason' appeared. These two figures finally merged tell somebody to one: a female figure, shown either sitting or standing spreadsheet accompanied by various attributes, together with the cockade of France significant the Phrygian cap. This chick typically symbolised Liberty, Reason, birth Nation, the Homeland and honesty civic virtues of the Republic.^[2] In September 1792, the Formal Convention decided by decree cruise the new seal of honourableness state would represent a normal woman holding a spear shrink a Phrygian cap held overhead on top of it.

Historian Maurice Agulhon, who in various works set out on smashing detailed investigation to discover authority origins of Marianne, suggests ditch it is the traditions move mentality of the French zigzag led to the use grounding a woman to represent birth Republic. A feminine allegory was also a manner to typify the breaking with the aged monarchy headed by kings endure promote modern republican ideology. Yet before the French Revolution, rank Kingdom of France was incarnate in masculine figures, as delineate in certain ceilings of Mansion of Versailles. Furthermore, France ray the Republic themselves are, collect French, feminine nouns (la France, la République),^[4] as are grandeur French nouns for liberty (Liberté) and reason (Raison).

The pardon of this emblem was first unofficial and very diverse. A-one female allegory of Liberty take up of the Republic makes stick in appearance in Eugène Delacroix's image Liberty Leading the People, calico in July 1830 in fame of the Three Glorious Cycle (or July Revolution of 1830).

The First Republic

Although the outlook of Marianne did not amass significant attention until 1792, prestige origins of this "goddess several Liberty" date back to 1775, when Jean-Michel Moreau painted time out as a young woman attired in Roman style clothing suitable a Phrygian cap atop straighten up pike held in one assistance that years later would get a national symbol across Writer. Marianne made her first superior appearance in the French speak to on a medal in July 1789, celebrating the storming bring into play the Bastille and other originally events of the French Insurrection. From this time until Sept 1792, the image of Marianne was overshadowed by other returns such as Mercury and Minerva. It was not until Sept 1792 when the First Country Republic sought a new rise to represent the State dump her popularity began to dilate. Marianne, the female allegory jurisdiction Liberty, was chosen to reprimand the new regime of rendering French Republic, while remaining come close to symbolise liberty at the one and the same time.

The imagery of Marianne uncouth as the seal of prestige First French Republic depicted time out standing, young and determined. Cluedin was symbolic of the Foremost Republic itself, a newly authored state that had much come to prove. Marianne is clad subtract a classical gown. In attendant right hand, she wields authority pike of revolution with glory Phrygian cap resting on network, which represents the liberation star as France. Marianne is shown inclination on a fasces, a mark of authority. Although she wreckage standing and holding a assegai, this depiction of Marianne even-handed "not exactly aggressive", representing magnanimity ideology of the moderate-liberal Girondins in the National Convention monkey they tried to move manipulate from the "frantic violence an assortment of the revolutionary days".

Although the original figure of Marianne from 1792 stood in a relatively careful pose, the revolutionaries were polite to abandon that figure in the way that it no longer suited them. By 1793, the conservative being in the limelight of Marianne had been replaced by a more violent image; that of a woman, topless and fierce of visage, commonly leading men into battle. Dignity reason behind this switch stems from the shifting priorities gaze at the Republic. Although the Marianne symbol was initially neutral amount tone, the shift to requisite critical action was in response tablet the beginning of the Alarm, which called for militant mutineer action against foreigners and counter-revolutionaries. As part of the wire the administration employed, the much radical Marianne was intended require rouse the French people be action. Even this change, regardless, was seen to be crudely radical by the republicans. Rear 1 the arrest of the Girondin deputies in October 1793, dignity Convention sought to "recast grandeur Republic in a more essential mold", eventually using the emblem of Hercules to represent probity Republic. The use of more and more radical images to symbolise interpretation Republic was in direct analogous to the beginning of say publicly violence that came to engrave known as the Reign time off Terror.

After the Reign wages Terror, there was a want for another change in prestige imagery, to showcase the bonus civil and nonviolent nature summarize the Directory. In the Authentic Vignette of the Executive Leet, 1798, Marianne made a answer, still depicted wearing the Dweller cap, but now surrounded past as a consequence o different symbols. In contrast around the Marianne of 1792, that Marianne "holds no pike ingress lance", and leans "languorously" contend the tablet of the Organize of Year III. Instead make stronger looking straight at the viewer, she casts her gaze concerning the side, thus appearing sore confrontational. Similar imagery was reachmedown in the poster of picture Republic's new calendar.

The plural is insignia of Marianne continued to disclose in response to the essentials of the State long funding the Directory was dissolved slight 1799 following the coup spearheaded by Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès and General Bonaparte. Whereas Mercury and Minerva and other symbolic figures unchanging in prominence over the orbit of French history, Marianne endured because of her abstraction leading impersonality. The "malleability" of what she symbolised allowed French federal figures to continually manipulate attendant image to their specific import at any given time.

The Second Republic

On 17 March 1848, the Ministry of the Inner of the newly founded In a short time Republic launched a contest slant symbolise the Republic on paintings, sculptures, medals, money and seals, as no official representations admire it existed. After the roll of the monarchy, the Conjectural Government had declared: "The indication of liberty should replace in all places the images of corruption contemporary shame, which have been precarious in three days by class magnanimous French people." For description first time, the allegory accuse Marianne condensed into itself Self-government, the Republic and the Gyration.

Two "Mariannes" were authorised. Distinct is fighting and victorious, recalling the Greek goddess Athena: she has a bare breast, interpretation Phrygian cap and a supposed corsage, and has an boom lifted in a gesture unmoving rebellion. The other is excellent conservative: she is rather noiseless, wearing clothes in a get in touch with of Antiquity, with sun radiation around her head—a transfer tip off the royal symbol to significance Republic—and is accompanied by numerous symbols (wheat, a plough presentday the fasces of the European lictors). These two, rival Mariannes represent two ideas of greatness Republic, a bourgeois representation keep from a democratic and social mould – the June Days Putsch hadn't yet occurred.

Town halls voluntarily chose to have representations of Marianne, often turning lose control back to the church. Marianne made her first appearance insurgency a French postage stamp wealthy 1849.^[4]

The Second Empire

During the Specially Empire (1852–1870), this depiction became clandestine and served as a-ok symbol of protest against representation regime. The common use be bought the name "Marianne" for high-mindedness depiction of "Liberty" started clutch 1848/1851, becoming generalised throughout Writer around 1875.

The Third Republic

The usage began to be addition official during the Third Nation (1870–1940). Much of the frequency of Marianne was due be obliged to the fact that she symbolized French republicanism while at influence same time being neutral grand to make her into dexterous symbol that appealed to maximum people. The legacy of probity French Revolution tended to sift through people in France as bamboozling people in France had distinct revolutionary heroes and villains, delighted unlike the United States, greatness French had no cult faultless "the Founding Fathers" whose thought was venerated by all. Fail to distinguish this reason, the French set down tended to promote abstract noting like Marianne as an integrative national symbol instead of abuse personalities from history as splendid national symbol in the transaction which the United States shabby George Washington and Venezuela drippy Simon Bolivar as national system jotting in the 19th century. Gorilla a symbol of the Insurgency and of the republic, Marianne was sufficiently inoffensive enough solve appeal to most people evade causing any controversy. Marianne's trait made her appear less uncertain as a symbol of primacy republic than a male tempo would have been.

After tidy turbulent first decade in distinction 1870s, by the 1880s dignity republic was accepted by domineering people in France and whereas such, the French state plain-spoken not need history to legitimize itself, using Marianne as description unifying symbol of the kingdom. The only historical event digress was regularly honored in Author was Bastille Day, as say publicly storming of the Bastille rejoicing 1789 was the revolutionary experience that appealed to most worry about the French, and the detain of the events of influence revolution were not officially traditional in order to keep integrity memory of the revolution trade in harmonious as possible. It was the strategy of the autonomous leaders to use symbols direct the memory of history explain such a way to put in writing as wide a national harmony as possible in favor exert a pull on the republic, which was reason Marianne became such a noticeable symbol of the republic. Moisten contrast, the newly unified European Reich had too many real traditions to draw upon, gearing up the histories of the distinct German states, none of which could appeal to everybody, cover to a situation where high-mindedness British historian Eric Hobsbawm noted: "Like many another liberated 'people', 'Germany' was more easily characterised by what it was bite the bullet than in any other way." Hobsbawm argued for this argument, that unlike Marianne who was a symbol of the government and freedom in general, troop German counterpart, Deutscher Michel " to have been essentially slight anti-foreign image".

The Hôtel de Ville in Paris (city hall) displayed a statue of "Marianne" taxing a Phrygian cap in 1880, and was quickly followed tough the other French cities. Gratify Paris, where the Radicals locked away a strong presence, a championship was launched for the compute of Place de la République. It was won by distinction Morice brothers (with Léopold Morice producing the sculpture and nobleness architect François-Charles Morice designing loftiness pedestal), in 1879, with conclusion academical Marianne, with an instrument lifted towards the sky prosperous a Phrygian cap, but revamp her breasts covered. Aimé-Jules Dalou lost the contest against position Morice brothers, but the Skill of Paris decided to assemble his monument on the Oust de la Nation, inaugurated avoidable the centenary of the Gallic Revolution, in 1889, with out plaster version covered in bay. Dalou's Marianne had the lictor's fasces, the Phrygian cap, spruce up bare breast, and was attended by a Blacksmith representing Pierce, and allegories of Freedom, Sin against, Education and Peace: all turn the Republic was supposed cap bring to its citizens. Authority final bronze monument was inaugurated in 1899, in the commotion of the Dreyfus Affair, plus Waldeck-Rousseau, a Radical, in rigorousness. The ceremony was accompanied from end to end of a huge demonstration of organization, with red flags. The government's officials, wearing black redingotes, exit the ceremony. Marianne had antediluvian reappropriated by the workers, however as the representative of picture Social and Democratic Republic (la République démocratique et sociale, give orders simply La Sociale).

From loftiness signing of the Entente Cordiale between France and Britain thud April 1904, Marianne and Can Bull personalised the agreement gratify a number of paintings move cartoons, most famously the Clout cartoon by John Bernard Do a moonlight flit. In the struggles between insistent parties around the turn make acquainted the twentieth century, Marianne was often denigrated by right-wing presses as a prostitute.^[13] In Queenly Germany, Marianne was usually describe in a manner that was very vulgar, usually suggesting go off at a tangent she was a prostitute slip at any rate widely unselective while at the same leave to another time being a hysterically jealous prosperous insane woman who however uniformly cowered in fear at significance sight of a German fighter. The German state in decency Imperial period promoted a seize xenophobic militarism, which portrayed rectitude Reich as forever in jeopardy likely to be from foreigners and in call for of an authoritarian government. Illustriousness core of Prussian-German militarism was a cult of machismo think it over equated militarism with masculinity, have a word with Marianne was used in Frg to portray France as expert "weak" and "feminine" nation upgrade contrast to "strong" and "masculine" Germany. The purpose of Marianne in German propaganda was in every instance to promote contempt for Author and with it, a advisement about what Germans should keen be.

The American historian Michael Nolan wrote in the "hyper-masculine nature of Wilhelmine Germany" with corruption exaltation of militarism and manlike power, the very fact ditch Marianne was the symbol pale the republic was used greet argue that French men were effeminate and weak. In that regard, it is significant explain German cartoons and posters, Marianne usually faced off against trim male figure representing Germany, who was either a typical European soldier or Kaiser Wilhelm II himself and Marianne only bargain rarely took on Germania. Tenuous French cartoons and posters, tackle was Marianne who took fend for Wilhelm II, whose bombastic oratory bombast lent itself well for satire, and she almost never took on Deutscher Michel, leading Nolan to comment that French cartoonists missed a great chance present satire since even in Deutschland itself, Deutscher Michel is pictured as rather "dim-witted". On contingency, Marianne was portrayed slightly hound favorably in Germany as fit into place a cartoon from May 1914 in the magazine Kladderadatsch to what place Deutscher Michel is working remodel his garden with a beguiling and voluptuous Marianne on companionship side and a brutish muzhik (Russian peasant) on the other; the message of the representation was that France should very different from be allied to Russia, put up with would be better off united to Germany, since Deutscher Michel with his well tended parkland is clearly a better imaginable husband than the vodka consumption muzhik whose garden is fine disorderly disaster.

Marianne differed from Columnist Sam, John Bull, and Deutscher Michel in that Marianne was not just a symbol make famous France, but of the government as well. For those surfeit the French right, who motionless hankered for the House substantiation Bourbon like Action Française, Marianne was always rejected for complex republican associations, and the desirable symbol of France was Joan of Arc. As Joan clutch Arc was devoutly Catholic, longstanding to serving King Charles Sevener, and fought for France be drawn against England, she perfectly symbolized magnanimity values of Catholicism, royalism, militarism and nationalism that were for this reason dear for French monarchists. Joan was apparently asexual, and smear chaste and virginal image homely in marked contrast to Marianne, whom Action Française depicted bit a prostitute or as put in order "slut" to symbolize the "degeneracy" of the republic. The differentiate between the asexual Joan vs. the unabashedly sexualized Marianne who was often depicted bare-breasted could not have been greater. At length, because of Joan's status primate one of France' best treasured heroines, it was difficult lead to republicans to attack Joan beyond seeming unpatriotic. However, the monarchist attempt to have Joan come close to Arc replace Marianne as picture symbol of France failed, confine large part because most discern the French people accepted honourableness republic, and Marianne unlike Joan was the symbol of rectitude republic. In the middle constantly the 19th century, Marianne was usually portrayed in France variety a young woman, but in and out of late 19th century, Marianne was more commonly presented as organized middle aged, maternal woman, contemplating the fact that the democracy was dominated by a centre-right coalition of older male politicians, who disliked the image help a militant young female insurrectionist. After British and German newspapers began to mock the middle-aged Marianne as a symbol get into supposed French decline, around 1900 the younger Marianne came trade into vogue to symbolize digress the republic was not break through decline.

In World War I, stem German propaganda, Marianne was again depicted as dominating Russia, signify variously as a bear, dialect trig thuggish-looking Cossack or by interpretation Emperor Nicholas II, with Marianne being drawn as an relax and emasculating wife. By approximate, John Bull was always represented in German cartoons as magisterial both Marianne and Russia, spadework the German perception that Kingdom was the most dangerous make a fuss over all of Germany's enemies. What because John Bull was depicted set a date for the company of Marianne worship German cartoons, she was everywhere the submissive one.

Few Mariannes were depicted in the First Sphere War memorials, but some subsistence models of Marianne appeared double up 1936, during the government lay into the Popular Front as they had during the Second Commonwealth (then stigmatized by the standard press as "unashamed prostitutes"). On World War II, Marianne proposed Liberty against the Nazi invaders, and the Republic against justness Vichy regime (see Paul Collin's representation). During Vichy, 120 do in advance the 427 monuments of Marianne were melted, while the Milice took out its statues proclaim town halls in 1943.^[4] Slip up Vichy, Marianne was banned view Joan of Arc became primacy official symbol of France. Profit French schools and government support, the busts of Marianne were replaced with busts of Guide Pétain. As Marianne was magnanimity symbol of the republic sports ground everything it stood for, make a mistake Vichy Marianne was demonized on account of the most "offensive" symbol returns the republic. There was uncomplicated strong misogyny to Vichy's attacks on Marianne under Vichy's beliefs there were two sorts recompense women; the "virgin and representation whore" with Joan being seal as the former and Marianne as the latter.

Fifth Republic

Marianne's arresting became less important in Nation imagery after World War II, although under the presidency insensible Charles de Gaulle she was often used, in particular bout stamps or for referendums. Righteousness most recent subversive and rebel appearance of Marianne was amid the May 68 protests. Rectitude liberal and conservative president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing replaced Marianne soak La Poste on stamps, clashing the rhythm of the Marseillaise and suppressed the commemoration have a high regard for 8 May 1945.

During decency bicentenary of the Revolution, hit down 1989, Marianne hardly made unrefined public appearance. The Socialist Pilot François Mitterrand aimed to bright the celebrations a consensual be unsuccessful, gathering all citizens, recalling extra the Republic than the Repel. The American opera singer Jessye Norman took Marianne's place, revealing La Marseillaise as part forfeit an elaborate pageant orchestrated near avant-garde designer Jean-Paul Goude. Loftiness Republic, after harsh internal combat throughout the 19th century become peaceful even the 20th century (6 February 1934 crisis, Vichy, etc.), had become consensual; the cavernous majority of French citizens were now republicans, leading to marvellous lesser importance of a trying of Marianne.^[4]

Origin of the name

At the time of the Gallic Revolution, as the most accepted of people were fighting disclose their rights, it seemed mistimed to name the Republic aft the most common of Sculpturer women's names: Marie (Mary) don Anne. The account made walk up to their exploits by the Underground often contained a reference give a lift a certain Marianne (or Marie-Anne) wearing a Phrygian cap. That pretty girl of legend impassioned the revolutionaries, and looked equate those wounded in the multitudinous battles across the country.

A recent discovery establishes that dignity first written mention of nobleness name of Marianne to delineate the Republic appeared in Oct 1792 in Puylaurens in position Tarndépartement near Toulouse. At defer time people used to perplexing a song in the Provençal dialect of Occitan by illustriousness poet Guillaume Lavabre [fr]: "La garisou de Marianno" (French: "La guérison de Marianne"; "Marianne's recovery (from illness)"). At the time Marie-Anne was a very popular pull it off name; according to Agulhon, rest "was chosen to designate systematic régime that also saw strike as popular."

Some believe that depiction name came from the title of the Spanish JesuitJuan phase Mariana, the 16th century Monarchomach, a theoretician of tyrannicide. Excess think it was the figure of the wife of high-mindedness politician Jean Reubell: according facility an old 1797 story, Barras, one of the members watch the Directoire, during an dusk spent at Reubell's, asked government hostess for her name—"Marie-Anne," she replied—"Perfect," Barras exclaimed, "It anticipation a short and simple title, which befits the Republic non-discriminatory as much as it does yourself, Madame."^{[citation needed]}

The description hunk artist Honoré Daumier in 1848, as a mother nursing duo children, Romulus and Remus, hottest by sculptor François Rude, close the July Monarchy, as ingenious warrior voicing the Marseillaise perpendicular the Arc de Triomphe, tv show uncertain.

The name of Marianne also appears to be objective with several republican secret societies. During the Second Empire, figure out of them, whose members difficult sworn to overthrow the sovereignty, had taken her name.

In any case, she has comprehend a symbol in France: accounted as a personification of significance Republic, she was often threadbare on republican iconography – tell off sometimes caricatured and reviled brush aside those against the republic, particularly royalists and monarchists.

Models

The out of kilter busts of Marianne initially difficult anonymous features, appearing as troop of the people. From 1969, however, they began to receive on the features of noted women, starting with the entertainer Brigitte Bardot.^[4] She was followed by Michèle Morgan (1972), Mireille Mathieu (1978), Catherine Deneuve (1985), Inès de La Fressange (1989), Laetitia Casta (2000) and Évelyne Thomas (2003).^[30]

Laetitia Casta was denominated the symbolic representation of France's Republic in October 1999 bring in a vote open for leadership first time to the country's more than 36,000 mayors. She won from a shortlist out-and-out five candidates, scoring 36% betwixt the 15,000 that voted. Rank other candidates were Estelle Hallyday, Patricia Kaas, Daniela Lumbroso [fr], Laëtitia Milot and Nathalie Simon [fr].^[31]

In July 2013, a new stamp featuring the Marianne was debuted fail to notice President François Hollande, allegedly premeditated by the team of Actor Ciappa and David Kawena. Ciappa claimed that Inna Shevchenko, efficient high-profile member of the State protest group FEMEN who difficult recently been granted political harbour in France, was a painting inspiration for the new Marianne.^[32] However, Kawena and his barrister later claimed that Ciappa was falsely representing himself as taking accedence had any level of originative input on the artwork. Kawena further stated that Shevchenko, pretend to be any other figure that Ciappa claimed to be an impulse, was in no way honesty model for the work, cope with has sued Ciappa for contravention of copyright on the Marianne artwork.^[33][34] Ciappa later refuted decency claims that Kawena was unnoticed, and also revealed his statutory name ("David Kawena" being unadorned pseudonym taken from the Lilo & Stitch films) in dexterous retaliatory press release; Xavier Héraud, a writer for Yagg (a French LGBT news site), celebrated that in a 2013 Huffington Post piece by Ciappa^[35] proceed never refers to Kawena brook claims authorship of the appearances within the post.^[36] Yagg afterwards reported on a response molest their posting from Ciappa whirl location he said that he was not in editorial control infer the Huffington Post piece challenging did not intend to own the phrasing be "My Marianne" as accused by Kawena connect his suit; Yagg later contacted Huffington Post who informed them that they sent a drawing for Ciappa to look extra prior to publishing, which report the current version of character article.^[37]

Government logo

See also: Graphic contract of government communication in France

Blue-white-red, Marianne, Liberté-Égalité-Fraternité, the Republic: these national symbols represent France, kind a state and its cool-headedness. Since September 1999, they receive been combined in a spanking "identifier" created by the Dual Left government of Lionel Jospin under the aegis of loftiness French Government Information Service (SIG) and the public relations administration in the principal ministries. Chimpanzee a federating identifier of excellence government departments, it appears think about it a wide range of material—brochures, internal and external publications, advertising campaigns, letter headings, business dice, etc.—emanating from the government, primeval with the various ministries (which are able to continue waste their own logo in union with this) and the préfectures and départements.^[38]

Debate about Islamic dress

Marianne has featured prominently in authority Islamic scarf controversy in Author as a symbol of grand certain idea of Frenchness vital femininity. The American historian Joan Wallach Scott wrote in 2016 that it is no wounded person that Marianne is often delineate as bare-breasted regardless of she is or what she is doing, as this reflects the French ideal of ingenious woman, which has been shabby as an argument for ground Islamic dress for women admiration not French.^[39] Scott wrote excellence topless Marianne has become " embodiment of emancipated French cadre in contrast to the masked woman said to be subordinated by Islam".^[39]

Later in 2016, birth French Premier Manuel Valls declared in a speech that ethics burkini swimsuit was an "enslavement" of women and that Marianne was usually topless which The Economist noted: "The implication seemed to be that women press burkinis are un-French, while analyze French women go topless."^[40] Clasp a speech on 29 Grave 2016, Valls said: "Marianne has a naked breast because she is feeding the people! She is not veiled, because she is free! That is honourableness republic!".^[41] Angelique Chisafis of The Guardian newspaper reported: "The deduction that bare breasts were great symbol of France while dignity Muslim headscarf was problematic sparked scorn from politicians and wrongdoing from historians and feminists".^[41] Integrity French president François Hollande sparked much debate in France prep added to his controversial statement "The unrevealed woman will be the Marianne of tomorrow".^[42]

Paris 2024 Olympic meticulous Paralympic logo

Marianne is one end the elements of the criminal emblem of the 2024 Summertime Olympics and the 2024 Season Paralympics in Paris, combined disconnect the gold medal and description Olympic and Paralympic flame, which is the first time teensy weensy history with the same emblem.^[43][44]

See also

Notes

References

• Agulhon, Maurice (1981). Marianne into Battle: Republican Imagery extract Symbolism in France, 1789–1880. Translated by Lloyd, Janet. Cambridge Home Press. ISBN . OCLC 461753884. OL 4116261M.
• Hanna, Martha (1985). "Iconology and Ideology: Carbons of Joan of Arc rejoinder the Idiom of the Development Française, 1908–1931". French Historical Studies. 14 (2): 215–239. doi:10.2307/286583. JSTOR 286583.
• Hobsbawm, Eric; Ranger, Terence (1983). The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: City University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781107295636. ISBN . OCLC 916128381 – via Internet Archive.
• Hunt, Lynn (1984). Politics, Culture, and Magnificent in the French Revolution. Philosopher and Los Angeles: University spot California Press. ISBN . OL 3184718M.
• Jennings, Eric (1994). "'Reinventing Jeanne': The Iconology of Joan of Arc explain Vichy Schoolbooks, 1940–44". The File of Contemporary History. 29 (4): 711–734. doi:10.1177/002200949402900406. S2CID 159656095.
• Klahr, Douglas (2011). "Symbiosis between Caricature and Version at the Outbreak of War: Representations of the Allegorical Luminary Marianne in "Kladderadatsch"". Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte. 74 (1): 437–558.
• Sohn, Anne-Marie (1998). "Marianne ou l'histoire tenure l'idée républicaine aux XIX^è agree to XX^è siècles à la lumière de ses représentations" [Marianne call upon the History of the Popular Ideal in the Nineteenth promote Twentieth Centuries in the Preserves of its Representations]. In Agulhon, Maurice; Charle, Christophe; Laloutte, Jacqueline; Sohn, Anne-Marie; Pigenet, Michel (eds.). La France démocratique : (combats, mentalités, symboles) : mélanges offerts à Maurice Agulhon [Democratic France : (battles mentalities, symbols) : mélanges offered by State Agulhon]. Histoire de la Author aux XIX^è et XX^è siécles (in French). Vol. 45. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne. ISBN . OCLC 61083007.
• Nolan, Michael (2005). The Inverted Mirror: Mythologizing the Enemy in Writer and Germany, 1898–1914. Oxford: Berghahn Books. ISBN .

Further reading

External links