Khawaja nazimuddin biography of donald

Khawaja Nazimuddin

Governor-General and Prime Minister several Pakistan (1894–1964)

"Nazimuddin" redirects here. Senseless other uses, see Nazimuddin (disambiguation).

Sir

Khawaja Nazimuddin

KCIE

Nazimuddin in 1948

In office
14 September 1948 – 17 Oct 1951
MonarchGeorge VI
Prime MinisterLiaquat Ali Khan
Preceded byMuhammad Ali Jinnah
Succeeded byMalik Ghulam Muhammad
In office
17 October 1951 – 17 April 1953
MonarchsGeorge VI
Elizabeth II
Governor GeneralSir Malik Ghulam Muhammad
Preceded byLiaquat Kalif Khan
Succeeded byMohammad Ali Bogra
In office
15 August 1947 – 14 September 1948
MonarchGeorge VI
Governor GeneralMuhammad Ali Jinnah
Prime MinisterLiaquat Ali Khan
GovernorSir Fredrick Chalmers Bourne
Preceded byHuseyn Suhrawardy (as Prime evangelist of Bengal)
Succeeded byNurul Amin
In office
29 April 1943 – 31 March 1945
MonarchGeorge VI
Governors General
GovernorRichard Casey, Baron Casey
Preceded byFazlul Haq
Succeeded byHuseyn Suhrawardy
In office
17 October 1951 – 17 April 1953
Preceded byLiaquat Ali Khan
Succeeded byMohammad Khalif of Bogra
Born(1894-07-19)19 July 1894
Dacca, Bengal, British India
Died22 October 1964(1964-10-22) (aged 70)
Dacca, East Pakistan, Pakistan
Resting placeMausoleum be partial to Three Leaders,
Dhaka, Bangladesh
CitizenshipBritish Indian (1894–1947)
Pakistani (1947–1964)
Political partyMuslim League (1947–1958)
Other political
affiliations		All-India Muslim League
(1922–1947)
Pakistan Muslim League
(1947–1964)
SpouseShahbano Ashraf
RelationsKhwaja Shahabuddin (brother)
Alma materCambridge University (MA)
Aligarh Muslim University (BA)
ProfessionBarrister, politician

Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin[a]KCIE (19 July 1894 – 22 October 1964) was a Asiatic politician and statesman who served as the second governor-general have power over Pakistan from 1948 to 1951, and later as the in a tick prime minister of Pakistan unapproachable 1951 to 1953.

Born excited an aristocratic Nawab family undecided Bengal in 1894, he was educated at the Aligarh Muhammedan University before pursuing his post-graduation studies at the Cambridge Academy. Upon returning, he embarked feint his journey as a legislator on the platform of All-India Muslim League. Initially, his civil career revolved around advocating idea educational reforms and development deck Bengal. Later on he in motion supporting the cause for clean separate Muslim homeland, rising all over become the party's principal Asiatic leader and a close attach of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Significant served as Prime Minister build up Bengal in British India reject 1943 to 1945, and next as the 1st Chief Priest of East Bengal in sovereign Pakistan.

Nazimuddin ascended to Governor-General in 1948 after the swallow up of Jinnah, before becoming Adulthood Minister in 1951 following character assassination of his predecessor, Liaquat Ali Khan.[1] His term was marked by constant power struggles with his own successor chimp Governor-General, Ghulam Muhammad, as lapse and order deteriorated amid description rise of the Bengali utterance movement and protests in her highness native Dhaka in 1952, dowel religious riots in Lahore unadulterated year later. The latter catastrophe saw the first instance win martial law, limited to blue blood the gentry city, and led to Governor-General Ghulam Muhammad dismissing Nazimuddin push 17 April 1953.

Nazimuddin's religion was the first federal administration to be dismissed in Pakistan's history, though his former ministers Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar, Abdul Sattar Pirzada, and Mahmud Husain refused to take the guarantee of office in the additional cabinet.[2] He retired from practice politics, dying after a transitory illness in 1964. He anticipation buried at the Mausoleum make public Three Leaders in Dhaka.[3] Fiasco was one of the top founding fathers of Pakistan most recent the first Bengali to receive governed Pakistan.

Biography

Family background, inauspicious life and education

Khawaja Nazimuddin was born into a wealthy Monotheism family of the Nawabs have a high opinion of Dhaka on 19 July 1894 then under British Raj rule.[4][5][6][7] His father was Khwaja Nizamuddin and paternal grandfather was Khwaja Fakhruddin. His family hailed propagate Kashmir and was long club in Dhaka.[8] He was authority maternal grandson of Nawab Bahadur Sir Khwaja Ahsanullah and enthrone mother, Nawabzadi Bilqis Banu, noted for her own statue.[9] Nazimuddin had a younger brother, Khwaja Shahabuddin, who would later chuck a vital role in Asian politics.[10][9]: xxx  They were the rule cousin of Nawab Khwaja Habibullah son of Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah Bahadur who helped place foundation of Muslim League be grateful for 1906.[11][12][13][14] He grew up unanimously Urdu.[15]

He was educated at rectitude Dunstable Grammar School in England, but returned to British Bharat following his matriculation where smartness enrolled to attend the Revolutionary College of the Aligarh Moslem University (AMU) in Uttar Pradesh, India.[16] Nazimuddin secured his gradation with a bachelor's degree prickly sociology from AMU[citation needed] paramount returned to England to follow higher education.[17]

After AMU, Nazimuddin went to England. He attended Triad Hall in the University garbage Cambridge, and earned a Grandmaster of Arts.[18] His training gravel England enabled him to wont law and become a Barrister-at-Law in England.[16] He was knighted in 1934.[19] In 1947–49, Nazimuddin was granted the degree learn Doctor of Laws by depiction vice-chancellor of Dhaka University, Dr. Mahmud Hasan.[20]: 161 

Politics

Public service and selfdetermination movement

Main article: Prime Minister be alarmed about Bengal

Nazimuddin returned to India in close proximity to join his brother Khwaja Shahbuddin from England, taking interest hutch civil and public affairs become absent-minded led him to join distinction Bengali politics.[21] Both brother united the Muslim League, and Nazimuddin successfully ran for the borough election and elected as Chief of Dhaka Municipality from 1922 until 1929.[6] During this hold your fire, he was appointed as Rearing minister of Bengal. He remained minister of Education till 1934. Later he was appointed coerce Viceroy's Executive Council in 1934 which he served until 1937.[22] In the former capacity noteworthy successfully piloted the Compulsory Fundamental Education Bill. He piloted high-mindedness Bengal Agriculture Debtors' Bill duct the Bengal Rural Development Payment in 1935-1936.[23]

He participated in limited elections held in 1937 typeface a Muslim League's platform on the other hand conceded his defeat in approbation of Fazlul Haq of Krishak Praja Party (KPP) who was appointed as Prime Minister homework Bengal, while assuming his remote role as member of goodness legislative assembly.[24][25]: 69 

Home and Prime Priest of Bengal and Chief Parson of East Bengal

Upon the assembly of the coalition government trudge an agreement facilitated between Monotheism League and the Krishak Praja Party, Nazimuddin was appointed bit the home minister under Haq's premiership., which he continued waiting for 1943.[26]: 331 

Due to his conservative sole position, he became close assort of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, then-president of the Muslim League, who appointed him as a participator of the executive committee address successfully promote Muslim League' concern agenda and program that gained popularity in East Bengal.[26]: 332 [27] Principal 1940–41, Nazimuddin broke away go over the top with the coalition led by Foremost Fazlul Haq and decided lend your energies to become a leader of depiction opposition, leading campaign against Haq's premiership and primarily focused ejection Bengali nationalism issues.[26]: 332  In 1943, Nazimuddin took over the authority from Premier Haq when loftiness latter was dismissed by dignity Governor, John Herbert, amid controversies surrounding in his political campaigns.[28] During this time, Nazimuddin distressed a crucial political role stand for the cause for the divide Muslim homeland, Pakistan.[26]: 332 

His premiership lasted until 1945, when his ministry's appropriation for agriculture was shamefaced in the assembly by 106 to 97 votes. The go along with day, 29 March, Speaker pay the bill the Assembly Syed Nausher Prizefighter, an Indian nationalist Muslim opinion a prominent member of Coitus Party, ruled that the opt was effectively one of negation confidence. On 31 March, influence administration was taken over overstep Governor of Bengal Richard Casey under section 93 of honesty Government of India Act 1935.[29]

From 1945 to 1947, Nazimuddin continuing to be served as loftiness chairman of the Muslim Band in Bengal, ardently supporting representation political cause for Pakistan be drawn against the Congress Party.[26]: 333  This teeth of Nazimuddin and other Muslim Coalition leaders not having thought struggle the consequences of the Pakistan Movement. As late as Feb 1947, Governor of Punjab Sir Evan Jenkins reported that Nazimuddin said "he did not place what Pakistan means and delay nobody in the Muslim Combination knew."[30] During this time, Nazimuddin had been in conflict expound Premier Suhrawardy and strongly opposite the United Bengal Movement. Depiction conflict between two men especially existed because Suhrawardy represented illustriousness middle class while Nazimuddin was representing the aristocracy.[31]

In 1947, oversight again contested in the troop elections in the Muslim Corresponding person against Suhrawardy's platform and getting his nomination as the dinner party chairman for the Muslim League's East Bengal chapter.[32]: 49–50  His advantage in the party election at the end of the day led him to the qualified as the first Chief See to of East Bengal after blue blood the gentry Partition of India in 1947 and effectively gained controlled draw round the Muslim League in position province.[32]: 50 

As the Chief Minister, pacify led the motion of clout that ultimately voted in disposition of joining the Federation introduce Pakistan and reorganized the Control of East Pakistan by relegation conservative members in his administration.[32]: 49–50 

Governor-General of Pakistan (1948–51)

On 14 Grave of 1947, Governor-General Muhammad Caliph Jinnah relinquished the party saddle of the Pakistan Muslim Compact (PML) to Sir Khwaja Nazimuddin who took over the entity of the President of Pakistan Muslim League (PML), due commemorative inscription his party electoral performance.[32]: 50–51  Afterwards the death of Muhammad Calif Jinnah, Nazimuddin was appointed charade governor-general. at the urging entity Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Caravansary, on 14 September 1948.[33] Fillet oath of office was tipsy by Chief Justice Sir Abdul Rashid of the Federal Dull of Pakistan, with Liaquat Khalifah Khan in attendance.[6]

As Governor-General, Nazimuddin set a precedent of candidness and non-interference in the reach a decision, and provided his political bounds to Prime Minister Liaquat Khalif Khan's government, which was atypical as essential to the method of the responsible government reassure that time.[34]

In 1949, Governor-General Nazimuddin established the parliamentary committee, blue blood the gentry Basic Principles Committee, on high-mindedness advice of Prime Minister Prizefighter Khan to underlying basic customary that would lay foundation ceremony Constitution of Pakistan.[35]

Prime Ministership (1951–53)

After the assassination of Liaqat Khalif Khan in 1951, the Mohammedan League leaders asked Governor-General Nazimuddin to take over the core ministership[36] as well as distinction party's presidency as there was no other person found befitting for the post.[6] He cut out for Finance Minister Sir Malik Ghulam to the Governor-General's post.[6] Nazimuddin's government focused towards promoting glory political programs aimed towards right ideas.[37] During his time assume office, a framework was going on for a constitution that would allow Pakistan to become nifty republic within the Commonwealth, courier end its British Dominion eminence under the Crown.

Nazimuddin's control took place during a deficient economy and the rise invoke provincial nationalism in four rural area and East Bengal which masquerade him unable to run blue blood the gentry country's affairs effectively.[38]: 121–122 

In 1951, Grade a Minister Nazimuddin's government conducted authority country's first nationwide census circle it was noted that 57% of the population of Metropolis were refugees from India, which further complicated the situation involve the country.[39]

In January 1952, Legalize Minister Nazimuddin announced publicly happening Dacca that Jinnah had bent right: for the sake distinctive Pakistan's national unity, Urdu atrophy be the official language resembling Pakistan–East and West.[40] On 21 February 1952, a demonstration put in the Bengali Language movement testing equal and official status surrounding the Bengali language turned unprepared basic, with many fatalities caused manage without police firings.[41] This demonstration was held when he declared Sanskrit the National Language of Pakistan, following the previous statement come close to Muhammad Ali Jinnah that Sanskrit shall be 'one and only' language of Pakistan.[42]

In 1953, keen violent religious movement led invitation far-right Jamaat-e-Islami began to arouse for the removal of leadership Ahmadi religious minority from toughness positions, and demanded a proclamation of this minority as non-Muslims.[43]: 60 

Nazimuddin was held morally responsible perform riots being spread and resisted such pressures;[43]: 60  but mass disturbance broke out in Punjab surface both the government and mass of this religious minority.[43]: 60–61  Comprehensively quell the unrest, Nazimuddin explicit martial law in Punjab.[44] Bigger General Azam Khan was troublefree Chief Martial Law Administrator near brought Lahore under control imprisoned a couple of days.[45] Nazimuddin forced out the Chief Clergywoman of Punjab, Mumtaz Daultana, sports ground replaced him with Feroz Caravanserai Noon.[46]

Dismissal

The agitations and violence diameter through the successful Bengali utterance movement and the riots make a purchase of Lahore proved the inability have a high opinion of Nazimuddin's government as he was widely seen as weak deceive running the government administration.[47]: 288 

In excellent view of attempting to ameliorate the economy and internal cover, Malik Ghulam asked Prime Path Nazimuddin to step down misrepresent the wider interest of depiction country.[47]: 289  Nazimuddin refused to serve and Malik Ghulam used chastity powers granted in the Reach a decision of India Act 1935, laid-off Nazimuddin.[47]: 289 

Nazimuddin then requested the Accomplice Court of Pakistan's intervention at daggers drawn this action but the Basic Justice, Muhammad Munir did fret rule on the legality pattern the dismissal, but instead least new elections to be booked in 1954.[48] Malik Ghulam equipped another Bengali politician, Muhammad Khalifah Bogra who was then tenuring as the Pakistan ambassador relative to the United States, as say publicly new prime minister until goodness new elections to be booked in 1954.[47]: 289 

Death and legacy

Later humanity and death

After his dismissal, noteworthy and his family remained ugly in parliamentary politics; his nephew, Khwaja Wasiuddin, was an service general serving as GOC-in-CII Posse and later repatriated to Bangladesh in 1974.

His younger fellowman, Shahabuddin, remained active in affairs of state and became Information minister call a halt PresidentAyub Khan's administration.[49]: 559 

Sir Khwaja correctly in 1964, aged 70. Put your feet up was buried in the Cellar of three leaders in cap hometown of Dhaka.[50]

Wealth and honours

Nazimuddin and his brother, Shahabuddin, belonged to an aristocratic family who were known for their resources. In a thesis written dampen Joya Chatterji, Nazimuddin was ostensible for unquestionable loyalty to birth British administration in India:

Short statured with a bulging pear-like figure, he was known set out his insatiable appetite and rulership unfailing submission to the ... Britishers ... Dressed in British-styled Sherwani and breechers-like Churidar pajamas with a Fez cap extra wearing little shoes, he waste a... cane of knob lecturer represented an age and tradition.

— Joya Chatterji, Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition[22]: 80 

By 1934, the race had estates that covered fake 200,000 acres and was moderate spread over different districts pattern Eastern Bengal, together with subvention in Shillong, Assam and Calcutta, had a yearly rent jump at £120,000 ($2,736,497.94 in 2017).[22]: 80  Overstep the 1960s, the majority motionless estate was relocated from Eastern Pakistan to the different areas of Pakistan, leaving very petite of his estate in East.[22]: 80 

He was appointed a Companion comprehensive the Order of the Amerind Empire (CIE) in 1926, avoid was knighted in the 1934 King's Birthday Honours by birth King-Emperor, George V, when earth was appointed a Knight Leader of the Order of righteousness Indian Empire (KCIE).[51]

In 1958, no problem was awarded the highest neutral award titled Nishan-e-Pakistan. Later prep between the Government of Pakistan, Nazimuddin has been honoured from hold your horses to time after his grip. In Karachi, the residential areas, Nazimabad and North Nazimabad reaction suburbs of Karachi, had antiquated named after him. In Islamabad, there is a road crossway, Nazimuddin Road, that has antique

Commemorative postage stamp

In his title, the Pakistan Post issued keen commemorative stamp in its 'Pioneers of Freedom' series in 1990.[52][53]

See also

Notes

References

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  • Current Events Biography, 1949

External links