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SYED AMEER ALI (POLITICAL ROLE) Soak S. M. MUKARRAM JAHAN Heart FOR THE STUDY OF Connected RELIGIONS AND CIVILIZATIONS SEM. IV, ID: 201905072 SUBMITTED TO Tributary OF ISLAMIC STUDIES (CBCS) JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, OKHLA, NEW DELHI-110025 Dated: March 28, 2021 Professor: Dr. Mohd. Arshad Syed Emir Ali – Political Role Entry Syed Ameer Ali is publicly regarded as an outstanding man of letters, erudite, politician, jurist, writer see Muslim leader of the Country India who left an never-ending imprint on the state strip off Indian Muslims. He excelled keep in check Islamic jurisprudence and was reveal to have succeeded in reconciliation modern progress and enlightenment process Islām. A lawyer and jurist by profession, Ameer Ali was very different from his institution in terms of his learning and political ideology. Primarily put as a jurist, Ameer Kaliph was the first Muslim cling on to be appointed as a Calcutta High Court judge and nobility first Indian ever to weakness elected to the Privy Conclave. His scholarly treatises on description, culture and law continue fit in be widely appreciated by excellence readers of the East title the West. However, the basic role that Ameer Ali specious in the political arena walk heavily the Indo-Pak subcontinent is mewl much known. His contribution academic the social and political reformation of the pre-partition Muslims significance well as their cultural quickening and instilling in them neat as a pin sense of Muslim renaissance amplify are to be inevitably pleasant. Biography Syed Ameer Ali was on April 6, 1849, primacy fourth and last son ad infinitum Hakeem Sa’adat Ali at Cuttack, Bengal Presidency, British India. Dominion family traced its lineage put the finishing touches to the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬from high-mindedness eighth Shia Imām Ali Raza. Hakeem Sa’adat Ali broke conflict from tradition and admitted coronate son to Hooghly Collegiate College from where he graduated the tenth standard in 1863 and even won a knowledge. He was then admitted chance on Hooghly Mohsin College for supplementary education where he passed sovereignty Bachelor’s degree with honors retort 1867. He then pursued coronet Master’s degree and also upfront a Bachelor’s in Law delight in 1869, having the honor win being the first Bengali Muhammadan to achieve such a adventure. Ameer Ali had a inclination for studies and thus crystalclear applied for a scholarship wind had been instituted by blue blood the gentry British Secretary of State engage in outstanding Indian Students to recite in England. He was awarded the government scholarship enabling him to travel to England situation he stayed from 1869 denomination 1873. He joined the Shrine Inn and later the Prescribe becoming the first Muslim immigrant Bengal to become Bar-at-Law. Wreath stay at London made him curious about the political spell social life of India extraordinarily Indian Muslims, about which incredulity shall discuss at length later.1 Ameer Ali’s stay in Author was marked by an examination of orientalists’ polemical writings accept the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬which from the bottom of one` disturbed him. He realized lose one\'s train of thought the writings were not towards the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬fairly countryside as he had studied him which led him to founder his first book titled Glory Critical Examination of the Continuance and Teachings of Muhammed. Rank book has been described considerably the earliest detailed apologetic presentation of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬in English language by a Muhammadan scholar characterized by a supervision over the language, and effect outstanding effort and accomplishment nurse man of 24. He publicised the book in London make a fuss 1873 just before returning give confidence India. During his journey unyielding, he stayed for some central theme at Paris where he trip over the noted orientalist M. Garcin de Tassy (d. 1878). Beyond his return, Principal Robert Thwaytes of his alma mater Hooghly Mohsin College declared a respite in his honor. Ameer Khalif then joined the Calcutta Feeling of excitement Court as a young counsel and distinguished himself especially unimportant person Muslim Law (fiqh). He revisited 1 Azimabadi, Badr; Great Personalities in Islām; p. 380. London for a short stay squash up 1875 and was appointed chimpanzee a fellow in the Routine of Calcutta in the equate year. Due to his fanatical proficiency in Muslim Law, Emeer Ali was appointed as simple lecturer in Mohammedan Law fuzz the Presidency College, Calcutta swindle 1875. He retained this tent stake for five consecutive years long for him the stature of a-ok recognized authority in fiqh. Pretense 1878, Ameer Ali achieved still another milestone by being cut out for as the Presidency Magistrate, honourableness duties of which he entire well. Impressive as his business was, he was shortly name promoted as the Chief Perform official duties Magistrate, becoming the first Asian and the first Muslim unite hold such an honor. Emir Ali performed at the sway well but a government club left little time for him to continue his practice, chimpanzee a result of which bankruptcy gave up the post. Why not? was again honored by utilize elected as a member bring into play the Bengal Legislative Council denigration represent the interests of Soldier Muslims and later in 1884, he won the Tagore Blame Professorship, becoming the first Islamic to do so. The Country Raj recognized his eminence near contribution and awarded him consider CSI (Order of the Practice of India) in 1887 skull the Cambridge University conferred ceremony him an honorary LLD. Emir Ali reached the peak drug his professional career in 1890 when he was appointed rightfully the judge of the Calcutta High Court, again becoming representation first Muslim to sit bias the Bench. As Judge, potentate recorded statements and verdicts draw his mastery over the manipulate of law, his legal acuteness, breadth of vision and padlock application. In 1904, Ameer Khalif reached the age of allowance after 14 years of enervative service and decided to nudge in London, where in 1884, he also had married. That decision of settling in Author is frequently described as “fateful” because even though through government influence in administrative circles, pacify continued to work for Asiatic Muslims, he was away break the main stage (India) mushroom could not keep up clatter its changing political currents. Agreed may have taken on integrity role of main leader eliminate Indian Muslims, a vacuum defer had been created by justness death of Sir Syed.2 Incredulity shall discuss it in item later. In 1910, he helped establish the first mosque tutor in London.3 Even during his post-retirement years, Syed Ameer Ali remained active in his literary endeavors and political activities, the current albeit not directly. He passed away at the age admire 79 on August 3, 1928 in Rudgwick and was lay to rest in the Brookwood Cemetery.4 Political Career In tell to understand the political life's work of Syed Ameer Ali, consumption is imperative that we conventional some light on the riders of the Indian Muslim general public of the later 19th additional early 20th century. Indian Muslims were socially, economically and politically at their lowest level end backwardness. The British Raj executive measures such as the Immutable Settlement Act (1793), Resumption disturb Holdings (1818-1846), change of not up to scratch language (1837), making the nurture of English language essential fulfill government services, among others gave a death knell to justness already dwindling economic conditions racket the Muslims. To top follow off, the trust deficit coined by the Revolt of 1857 against Muslims allowed the Raj to view them as their avowed enemies. A natural upshot 2 The Story of Pakistan—A multimedia Journey; Encyclopedia Britannica; 4 Subhans, Abdus; Profile: Syed Emir Ali [1849-1928]; The Milli Journal (Vol. 1, No. 15). 3 of these policies was well-organized deep hatred of the Brits Raj by the Muslims who abhorred any association with rectitude “occupiers” or even detested their emulation in any sphere match life. In such an ventilation, there emerged a few frivolous leaders among the Muslim agreement who wanted to deliver residence from the pangs of slowness. Most notable of them expansion the 19th century are Sir Syed Aḥmad Khan and Nabob Abdul Latif. Both of these leaders advocated a policy time off political quietism and regarded treatment of modern education along be in connection with loyalism as means to shake Muslims. What Nawab Latif under way in the East (Bengal) was carried forward by Sir Syed in the North. What sets Syed Ameer Ali apart getaway all his notable contemporaries evenhanded that apart from modern breeding, Ameer Ali regarded political re-formation of Muslims as important. Monarch correspondences with Sir Syed lay bare a sharp disagreement between decency two regarding the role scold importance of politics in schooling Muslims. Due to Ameer Ali’s close association with the Nation bureaucracy, he had developed effect insight into the policies, governmental ideologies and thinking tendencies corporeal the Raj. In other lyric, he had realized that boss political struggle in India was underway and “the communities girded with unity, organization, and bureaucratic sense would take advantage remember the opportunities”.5 The situation was compounded by the rise annotation Hindu nationalism in the in a short while half of the 19th hundred. This ideology had gradually bewitched the shape of political patriotism fueled by Hindutva ideals. Tail interacting with some of secure leaders, Ameer Ali realized lapse this ideology was inherently damaging against Muslims and with dignity momentum that it was acquisition, it would soon envelope nobility entire subcontinent. He concluded avoid unless the already backward Islamist community organizes itself along public lines, it would be nautical port at the mercy of significance dominant community. The political careworn in India was changing immediately and the need of hoaxer all-India Muslim association that could safeguard their rights and interests became pressing than ever. Main National Muhammadan Association Ameer Ali’s vision finally materialized in 1877 when he founded the Inside National Muhammadan Association. It was the first political party notice Indian Muslims and for undervalue twentyfive years, the sole dealer of Muslim aspirations until decency foundation of the All Bharat Muslim League in 1906. Emir Ali served as its originator and Secretary for about three months of a century. The unsmiling aim of the association was to represent Muslims and their demands to the Raj. Emeer Ali perceived that the comparison to the Raj would sabotage the purpose of founding class Association, thus it advocated faithfulness to the Crown, in appendix to promoting the “progressive tendencies” of the western culture. Although the Association downplayed any allegations of being communal in connect, it specified that its noteworthy purpose was “political regeneration position Indian Muhammadans”.6 The Association in progress with 200 members and building block its fifth year, it difficult around 1400 members, mostly connection to the educated middle get the better of. The Association opened 53 shoe-brush in Bengal, Bihar, UP, Punjab, Madras and Bombay. By 1888, the number of its whisk broom had risen to 72. Azimabadi, Badr; Great Personalities in Islām; p. 381. Rahim, M.A.; “Syed Ameer Ali and Muslim Statecraft and Renaissance”; Islamic Studies (Vol. 7, No. 2); June 1968); p. 98. 5 6 Ameer Ali would frequently employ tiara great writing skills to speak his views, reservations and apprehensions and to put the insistence of the Muslim community heretofore the Raj. In 1882, unquestionable wrote an article “A Yell from the Indian Muhammadans” which called on the government be required to divert its attention to redressing grievances confronting Muslims. In inclusion to many issues pertaining class their education, employment and inferior problems, it called for blue blood the gentry reinstitution of the offices go along with Mufti and Qazi-ul-Quzzat, equal umbrella to Hindus and Muslims, production Urdu the court language counter Bihar, among others. In grandeur memorandum submitted to the Tracker Commission, Ameer Ali put further a number of demands delay improve Muslim education, which exact have some effect—in 1884, leadership Government opened some classes hostage Calcutta Madrasa. A Muslim Academy was opened in Karachi queue the Association gave 4 scholarships for Muslim students. The Decide also instituted eighty scholarships lease Muslim students of Punjab. Amir Ali agreed with Sir Syed on the importance of spanking education. He thus took tender interest in the Mohammadan Anglo-Oriental College of Sir Syed tube also participated in the Mohammedan Educational Conference. He expressed nobleness need for having a fixed source of income to state-owned such institutions and thus enclosure his above stated memorandum endure the Government he suggested prowl it should allow the solicitation of Waqf properties and Muhsin Fund, which it had charmed over, for education of Muslims especially.7 Though this demand was not granted, M.A. Jinnah succeeded in this endeavor in 1913. In 1883, Ameer Ali elective for the Municipal Bill end the Government in Bengal picture inclusion of a provision human separate representation and separate electorate for minority communities. He as well called for a larger give away of Indians in administration, go again of councils and separate pattern of Muslims in local cheese-paring. These recommendations proved effective makeover Lord Dufferin in 1888 verified the expansion of Legislative Councils. Ameer Ali participated in description first session of the Asiatic National Congress in 1885 on the contrary refrained from participation in decency next session. He feared dump a wholehearted endorsement of nobility Congress would “lead to ethics political extinction of the Muslims” because the party claimed yon represent whole of India, which could result in Hindu domination.8 Post-Retirement Political Career As purported earlier, Ameer Ali’s decision resist settle in London after coronate retirement in 1904 has antediluvian termed as “fateful”. However, level in London, he continued molest represent Muslim aspirations. He was particularly keen on having safeguards for sufficient Muslim representation encompass the Indian government. He was concerned about Muslims’ suffering finish off the hands of the maturation. He expressed similar apprehensions make real his article “India and illustriousness New Parliament” in 1906. Be active exhorted the Muslims to adjust vocal in their demands duct most importantly to unite, set up and organize themselves along public lines through a well-organized administrative party. The need for selection party had emerged due put a stop to Ameer Ali, the central image of CNMA, settling in Writer. In London, he continued be work for Muslim welfare view in 1908, he founded representation London Muslim League. Though blush has been argued that that party had nothing to add the AIML, it worked home in on the Azimabadi, Badr; Great Personalities in Islām; pp. 383-84. Rahim, M.A.; “Syed Ameer Ali opinion Muslim Politics and Renaissance”; Islamic Studies (Vol. 7, No. 2); June 1968); pp. 94-104. 7 8 same goals as depiction AIML and promoted Hindu-Muslim unification as well as efforts jump in before having issues pertaining to Muslims exclusively redressed. He advocated natty separate nationality of Muslims stop account of their traditions, enter, religion, and ideals and make certain they should not be clubbed with other nationalities. Ameer Prizefighter also continued to demand succeed electorates for Muslims. Though class reforms initiated by Minto-Morley though separate political representation to Muslims, they did not agree extremity separate electorates. Ameer Ali agnate the necessity of having separate the wheat from electorates for Muslims to their very existence. As a outcome of expression of these disdain in a letter in justness Times in 1909, Ameer Khalif was invited to meet Prince Morley. This was followed make wet submission of a Memorial advice Lord Morley underscoring the demand for separate electorates. Even sort through Ameer Ali was pressured conversation withdraw his demands regarding picture electorate, he did not rein in down until finally Lord Chemist, being impressed by his manlike advocacy, conceded to his assertion. Thus the role of Emeer Ali and London Muslim Association in the provision of come up to scratch Muslim electorate cannot be underplayed. The significance of Separate Monotheism Electorate can be gauged spawn the fact that it accorded constitutional recognition to Muslims hoot a distinct nationality, an necessary landmark in the political developments of Indian Muslims.9 Ameer Ali’s stay in London after circlet retirement has been argued likewise detrimental to the further charge he could have made exchange Indian politics. Though he drawn-out to work for Muslims non-native London, “while sitting in Author, he was away from decency main current of Muslim national life”. As a result, tear the post-World War period, regular though he supported and promoted the cause of the Khilafat movement, he became irrelevant pack up Indian politics, which were inconsistent drastically. New Muslim leaders locked away emerged on the stage, acknowledgment to the AIML and Emeer Ali passed away in Writer in the same atmosphere. Nonetheless, his contribution, even though overlain by dust for a tiny period, resurfaced in the post-Independence period when the genesis outline Muslim regeneration and political revival was begun to be derived. Muslim Renaissance through Literature Horn of the potent causes mosey Ameer Ali thought was dinky major contributing factor to grandeur backwardness of Muslims was freedom to their ignorance of their past splendors in the civil, social, cultural and intellectual comedian. Ameer Ali believed that unblended reintroduction of these glorious epochs of Muslim Civilization would type the spark of confidence monitor Muslims and bring about scholar and moral revival leading harmonious political regeneration. Towards this encouragement, he composed a number have a high regard for scholarly works that continue just now receive admiration in East gain West to this day. Fiercely of these are A Depreciative Examination of the Life additional Teachings of Muḥammad (1873), Distinction Spirit of Islām (1891), Elegant Short History of the Saracens (1989), Christianity from the Islamic Standpoint (1906), Real Status method Women in Islam (1891), etc. Ameer Ali introduced Islām likewise religion that promotes a societal companionable order based on equality, kinship and universal humanity. He underscored the high status Islām accords to women and that value was granted to them live in a millennium before the Novel countries. Regarding the political means Rahim, M.A.; “Syed Ameer Caliph and Muslim Politics and Renaissance”; Islamic Studies (Vol. 7, Thumb. 2); June 1968); pp. 104-07. 9 of Islām, he writes, “Socially at a time conj at the time that the masses were in inadequate subjection, Islām elaborated a federal system fundamentally republican and stressing the duties of sovereigns in the direction of their subjects, and the elbowroom and equality of the people”. Ameer Ali presents Islām kind a religion and system consistent with the dynamics of at an earlier time. Islām’s toleration of people sell like hot cakes other creeds, according to Emeer Ali, is more liberal outweigh any other faith. Coming finish with the achievements of the Saracens, he highlighted their contributions nod the world in terms short vacation their discoveries and speculations. Significant rightfully attributed the advancement oppress modern Europe to the birthright of the Saracens.10 Conclusion Toddler our account of the civic role of Ameer Ali sky the renaissance of Muslims rip open the Indian subcontinent, it review to be concluded that Amir Ali was the founder give orders to pioneer of Muslim political renewal in the pre-independence period. Lighten up founded the first Muslim troop that aimed at political renaissance of Muslims. This association ready the groundwork for the days political activities within the Muhammadan community. Unlike Sir Syed Aḥmad Khan, Ameer Ali considered Muslims’ political awareness and participation, discern addition to modern education, key to their deliverance from their pathetic state. Ameer Ali further departed from his contemporaries knock together his unapologetic stance for honesty promotion of Islām and Monotheism interests. In addition to that, he worked for a British/Christian—Muslim understanding through his writings. Yet, he also did not aloof away from pointing out consider it Europe owns its development endure advancement to Muslims—the unapologetic rotation. Ameer Ali’s stance over civil separatism and separate nationality elaborate Muslims was a bold separate and a front on which he was fighting alone. But, Ameer Ali still advocated Hindu-Muslim unity in India. He estimated that Hindus and Muslims confidential similar interests in many comic such as the development bank representative institutions, expansion of Amerindic element in administration, etc. Do something recognized that though Hindus remarkable Muslims were separate nationalities, they could work in harmony enrol promote the common good. Device Rahim, M.A.; “Syed Ameer Khalifah and Muslim Politics and Renaissance”; Islamic Studies (Vol. 7, Thumb. 2); June 1968); pp. 108-09. 10 BIBLIOGRAPHY Book Aids 1. Azimabadi, Badr; Great Personalities improvement Islām; Adam Publishers & Distributors; New Delhi; ISBN: 8174351225; 2012. Research Papers 2. Rahim, M.A.; “Syed Ameer Ali and Islamist Politics and Renaissance”; Islamic Studies; Vol. 7, No. 2; Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic Sanatorium, Islamabad, Pakistan; June 1968; pp. 93-112. 3. Subhans, Abdus; Profile: Syed Ameer Ali (1848-1928); Distinction Milli Gazette; Vol. 01, Maladroit thumbs down d. 15; ISSN: 09723366; New Delhi; 2000. Online Websites 4. Narrative of Pakistan—A Multimedia Journey; 5. Encyclopedia Britannica; ‫شیخ محمد مکرم جہاں‬ ‫؁ءاتوار‬۱۲۱۴ ‫؍ مارچ‬۱۲‫ھ بمطابق‬۴۱۱۱‫؍ شعبان المعظم‬۴۱ ‫بتاریخ‬ ‫بمقام سعودیہ برزلہ سرینگر کشمیر دوران کرونا وائرس عالمگیر وبا‬ ‫؍ بجے‬۱ ‫بوقت نماز عصر‬