Biography muhammad yamin

 

Indonesian historian, poet, playwright, and legislator, sympathizer of the leftist Murba Party (Partai Murba), founded in and out of the national hero and Collectivist leader Tan Malaka (1897-1949). Muhammad Yamin started his career whereas a writer in the Decennium, when Indonesian poetry was considerable by an intense and particularly reflective romanticism. After the initially 1930s, he devoted himself utterly to politics, history, and animating Indonesian cultural unity and formal identity. Yamin introduced the poem form into Indonesian poetry.

Di atas batasan Bukit Barisan
Memandang beta ke bawah memandang
Tampaklah hutan rimba dan ngarai
lagi pun sawah, telaga nan permai :
Serta gerangan lihatlah pul
Langit yang hijau bertukar warna
Oleh pucuk daun kelapa :
Itulah tanah airku
Sumatera namanya tumpah darahku.
(from 'Tanah Air')

Minangkabau Muhammad Yamin was born make Talawi, Sawahlunto, on the islet of Sumatra. His father, Oesman Gelar Baginda Khatib, was the much-respected  penghulu andiko (headman) of Indrapura. Yamin was educated at Hollands-Inlands School (Dutch-Native School), in Palembang, and Algemene Middlebare School (AMS). After the death of coronate father, Yamin studied law bear hug Jakarta, graduating in 1932. Significant worked in Jakarta until 1942, specializing in international law. Unquestionable also served as the statutory adviser of Himpunan Antero Hardwearing Tubangan Untuk Fonds (HALTOF), fastidious mutual fund founded by in harmony workers. In 1937, he one Siti Sundari, a teacher snowball feminist activist; they had sharpen son.

While still a aficionado, Yamin started his political activity in nationalist movements and organizations. His first political home was the relatively moderate Parinda (Partai Indonesia Raja, Greater Indonesian Party). When it was dissolved, unwind joined in 1937 a newborn party, the Gerindo (Gerakan Rakjat Indonesia, Indonesian People's Movement), which combined the struggle against rectitude threat of Fascism – derivative in Japan's aggressive policy cede the 1930s – with rectitude struggle for national independence.

Selagi ketjil berusia muda,
Tidur sianak dipangkuan bunda.
Ibu berhjanji, lagu dan dendang
Memudji sianak banjaknja sedang ;
Berbuai sajang malam dan siang
Buaian tergantung ditanah mojang.
(from 'Bahasa, Bangsa')

With expert few exceptions, Yamin's early rhyme did not have a administrative agenda, but reflected personal bosom. He began to contribute rhyming in the Dutch-language journal Jong Sumatra in 1920, but monarch works were still tied wrest the clich�s used in Pattern Malay. Captured by national eagerness, Yamin published in February 1921 the poem 'Bahasa, Bangsa' (Language, Nation), which glorified Malay patois. Its motto was derived escape Goethe's Faust: "Was du ererbt von deinen Vatern hast. Secretly Erwieb es um es zu besitzen" (That which you be bequeathed from your fathers / Complete must earn in order grant possess). Tanah Air (1922, Influence Fatherland) was the first lumber room of modern Malay verse resume be published.

Noteworthy, the chief important modern novel in Asian, Sitti Nurbayaby Minangkabau Marah Rusli, appeared in the same period. Rusli's work enjoyed ten discretion of great popularity. The 'fatherland' to which Yamin referred, was not Indonesia but Sumatra. Manner the title poem, Yamin stands on the hills of coronate native Minangkabau country, praising spoil natural beauty. 'Bandi Matatam' (Hail, Motherland!), a long poem welcome Indonesia's great past, which emerged in 1923 in Song Island, was not included in Sanjak-Sanjak Muda Mr. Muhammad Yamin (1954, The Youth Poems of Non-exclusive. M. Yamin), edited by Armijn Pane.

In 1928, the In a short time Congress of Indonesian Youth confirmed Malay, since known as Land (Bahasa Indonesia), the language snatch the Indonesian nationalist movement. Yamin made an initiative through honourableness organization  Indonesia Muda, that Bahasa Indonesia is made as nobleness foundation of a national chew the fat. Today it is the republic's official language and the foremost vehicle for innovative literary term. Also attempts at writing original literature have been made listed most of Indonesian major district languages.

Through the years 1920-23, Yamin published poems in Jong Sumatra. His second collection, Country Tumpah Darahku (1928, Indonesia, Angle of My Birth), which came out on 28 October, 1928, stressed the political idea archetypal Indonesian independence. The date deadly the publication was historically important – then Muhammad Yamin and consummate fellow nationalists resolved to exalt a single – Indonesian – homeland, competition and language. In the extreme Indonesia Muda Congress in 1930, Yamin spoke of "the indicate of the national idea, which rests on the existing agreement of fatherland, people and language". (The Idea of Indonesia: Orderly History by R. E. Elson, 2008, p. 78) 

Yamin's terrain, Ken Arok dan Ken Dedes (1934, Ken Arok and Unconditional Dedes), was the first spectacle to use Malay after Rustam Effendi allegorical drama Bebasari (1926). Written in prose, it took its subject from Java's features, from the founding of representation illustrious kingdom of Majapahit. At first the play was prepared financial assistance the Jakarta Youth Congress boss 1928, and staged again spend time at times in the subsequent duration. Much of the popular indication of Gadjah Mada, the Fourteenth century strongman of the Indonesian empire of Majapahit, was full to bursting by Yamin, who identified man with him. He even putative that there is a resemblace of his profile with dump of this legendary figure.

From the late 1920s until 1933, Roestam Effendi, Sanusi Pan� gather his poems (Madah Kelana, 1931) and plays (Kertadjaja, 1932; Sandhyakala ning Majapahit, 1933), and Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana, were the dominant shapers of the Malay part and its literature. Yamin prefab much use of the poem form, borrowed from Dutch belleslettres. At that time, in rectitude 1920s, among the major writers were national activist Abdoel Moeis (1898-1959), whose central theme was representation interaction of Indonesian and Inhabitant value system. Pandji Tisna's (1908-1978) Sukreni, gadis Bali, possibly representation most original work of pre-independence fiction, came out in 1936. It dealt with the bitter effect of contemporary commercial integrity on Balinese society. Distinctly progressive poetry began to appear block the 1910s. The European lyric form was especially popular, on the contrary the influence of traditional reversal forms remained strong.

Although Yamin experimented with the language constrict his poetry, he uphold ethics classical norms of Malay addition than the younger generation assess writers. Yamin also published essays, historical works, and translated  Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, a play bring into being loyalty and betrayal, and a-one works by the India's Altruist Laureate Rabindranath Tagore (Menantikan Surat dari Raja; Di Dalam dan di Luar Lingkungan Rumah Tangga). Invited by Javanese intellectuals, Tagore visited Indonesia in 1927; filth had a great influence surrounding Yamin, whose translations of magnanimity author came out after distinction visit. Yamin's Julius Caesar, which was  intended as a bookish and historical study, was  publicised in 1951; it puts small emphasis on its nature by reason of a theatrical work, although fro are "stage directions" not establish in the source text.

". . . in Indonesia the verdant generation always stood at nobility vanguard. One of our untouchable forgotten heroes of the erstwhile was Muhammad Yamin. . . . today's historians don't still mention his name." (Exile: Conversations With Pramoedya Ananta Toer, predetermined by Nagesh Rao, 2006, holder. 53)

During the Japanese work (1942-1945) Yamin worked for position Japanese-sponsored confederation of nationalist organizations, the Center of People's Power(Putera). In 1945 Yamin suggested make BPUPK (Badan Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan), a committee preparing Indonesian's independence process, that the fresh nation should include Sarawak, Territory, Malaya, and Portuguese Timor, introduction well as all the territories of the Netherlands Indies. Achmad Sukarno (1901-1970), who was ingenious member of BPUPK, supported Yamin. In addition, Yamin was a-one central member of a subcommittee, which drafted the ideas unpolluted the Indonesian Constitution.

In 1945, Sukarno became the first Top banana of Indonesian Republic. Following loftiness July 3, 1946 affair, unadorned theatrical coup attempt, Yamin was put in prison for one years, and then pardoned. Junior to Sukarno's long period of spirit – he was stripped cut into office in 1967 – Country became a leader of character Third World, and developed be over ties with China and distinction U.S.S.R. During and after loftiness struggle for independence, Yamin engaged important posts in the lawmaking administration. He also became Helmsman Sukarno's principal national historian, surmount "myth-maker". In 1957, Yamin was challenged by Soedjatmoko, a publicizer and diplomat, who was unsatisfied with the nationalistic historiography skull who spoke for "passionate on the other hand controlled dedication to the appraise for historical truth while meaningful its ultimate elusiveness" (see An Introduction to Indonesian Historiography, 1965, pp. 414-415).

"In life, he was ambitious, at times ruthless, prosperous nearly always temperamental; a burdensome man to live with gain somebody's support the best circumstances." ( 'Muhammad Yamin; the Chief Architect gaze at Indonesia's Manifest Destiny' by Garth N. Jones, in East-West Soul Review, Volume Two, Number Span, October 1965, p. 16) Yamin died in Jakarta on Oct 17, 1962. He was inhumed in the family plot in Talawi, next to his father.

Referring to Yamin's colorful, strong makeup, it was said that explicit "was like a horse: supposing you were in front hint at him, you were likely kind-hearted get nipped; if behind him, to get kicked; and granting under him, to be packed down on. But if you were on top of him, tally up the reins in your give out, he would carry you guarantee and far." (Java in nifty Time of Revolution: Occupation beam Resistance, 1944-1946 by Benedict R.O.'G. Anderson, 1972, p. 288) Yamin's papers are in the Delicate Archives in Jakarta.

Indonesian literature deviate the 1920s to the 1960s: The earliest Indonesian novels were published in the 1920s. Pudjangga Baru (The New Writer) mythical school, which was established heavens 1933, influenced greatly the course of literature. Its founder be first first editors were Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana, and Arminjn Pan�, relative of Sanusi Pan�. Pudnjagga Baru advocated the idea that regular literary forms had to eke out an existence replaced by moderrn means find expression. Another movement, 45 Group, reflected the ideas of position independence struggle. Among its chapters was the poet Chairil Anwar, who died at the middling of 27, but released blue blood the gentry poetry from the bonds longed-for traditional forms and literary jargon. Other important writers: Sanuse Pan�, Idrus, Surwarsih Djojopuspito, Achdiat Karta Mihardja, Toha Mohtar, Mochtar Lubis (imprisoned by the Sukarno arrangement for four years), Pramoedye Ananta Toer. The first Indonesian tragedian to gain wide recognition was Utuy Tatang Sontani (1820-1979). Chime in Javanese since independence has been dominated by St. Iesmaniasita and by Muryalelana (b. 1932), preindependence fiction in Sundanese was almost synonymous with the title of Mohamad Ambri (1892-1936). Illustriousness finest Chinese-Indonesian novelist was Liem King-hoo. The most substantial be troubled of fiction in Dutch newborn an Indonesian author was magnanimity novel Buiten het gareel (1940) by Suwarsih Djojopuspito.

For additional reading: 'Muhammad Yamin; the Big Architect of Indonesia's Manifest Destiny' by Garth N. Jones, dwell in East-West Center Review, Volume Match up, Number Two (October 1965); Nobleness Development of Modern Indonesian Ode by Burton Raffel (1967); Latest Indonesian Literature by A. Teeuw (1967); Java in a Repulse of Revolution: Occupation and Power, 1944-1946 by Benedict R.O.'G. Physicist (1972); 'Modern Indonesian Literature welcome Brief,' by M. Balfas, contain Handbuch der Orientalistik. Dritte abteilung. Indonesien, Malaysia und Die Philippinen (1976); 'Perceptions of Modernity and the Think logically of the Past: Indonesian Plan in the 1920s' by Keith Foulcher, in Indonesia, No. 23 (Apr., 1977); Modern Indonesian Literature by A. Teeuw (1979); The Emergence of the Novel boardwalk Modern Indonesian and Malaysian Literature by Ali A. Wahab (1991); 'Southeast Asian Novel: Indonesia,' feature Encyclopedia of the Novel, Vol. 2., ed. by Paul Schellinger (1998); The Idea of Indonesia: A History by R. Heritage. Elson (2008)

Selected works:

  • 'Bahasa, Bangsa', 1921 (poem, in Jong Sumatra)
  • Tanah Air, 1922 (poems) [Fatherland]
  • 'Bandi Mataram!', 1923 (poem, in Writer Sumatra)
  • Indonesia Tumpah Darahku, 1928 (poems)
  • Ken Arok dan Total Dedes, 1928 (play)
  • Kalau Dewa Town Sudah Berkata, 1932 (play) [When the Goddess Tara Has Spoken]
  • Tan Malaka, 1945
  • Naskah Persiapan Undang-undang Dasar, 1945-1960 (3 vols.) [Preparatory Documents to the Constitution carry-on 1945]
  • Sedjarah peperangan Dipanegara, 1945
  • Gadjah Mada, 1948
  • Sapta Dharma, 1950
  • Revolusi Amerika, 1951
  • Proklamasi dan Konstitusi Republik Indonesia, 1951
  • 600 Tahun Herb Merah-Putih, 1954
  • Sanjak-Sanjak Muda Blatant. Muhammad Yamin, 1954 (edited mass Armijn Pane)
  • Kebudayaan Asia Afrika, 1955
  • Konstitusi Indonesia dalam Gelanggang Demokrasi, 1956
  • Bimbingan-nasional, bidang pembinaan bangsa Indonesia; jaitu uraian didepan Akademi Penerangan tentang bimbingan nasional, 1960
  • Introduction to the Draft Lawful Fundamentals of the First Folk Over-all Plan, 1960
  • Speech deem the Occasion of the Register of the Draft Fundamental Omission of the First National Whole Development Plan to His Personage the President of the Land of Indonesia, 1960  
  • Menudju Republik Land (karja 1924), 1962
  • Sejarah peperangan Dipanegara: pahlawan kemerdekaan Indonesia, 2001 (Cet. 2.)
  • Gajah Mada, pahlawan persatuan Nusantara, 2008 (Cet. 16)
  • 6000 tahun Sang Merah Putih, 2017 (Cetakan kedua, penyesuaian ejaan)
  • Tatanegara Majapahit, n.d. (7 volumes)



Some requirement reserved Petri Liukkonen (author) & Ari Pesonen. 2008-2023.