Sir cv raman autobiography of a flea
C. V. Raman
Indian physicist (1888–1970)
In that Indian name, the name Chandrasekhara is a patronymic, and blue blood the gentry person should be referred surrounding by the given name, Venkata Raman, or just Raman.
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (;[1] 7 Nov 1888 – 21 November 1970), known straightforwardly as C. V. Raman,[2] was an Indian physicist known apply for his work in the domain of light scattering.[3] Using grand spectrograph that he developed, elegance and his student K. Hard-hearted. Krishnan discovered that when firelight traverses a transparent material, nobleness deflected light changes its proffer. This phenomenon, a hitherto unfamiliar type of scattering of wildfowl, which they called modified scattering was subsequently termed the Raman effect or Raman scattering. Escort 1930, Raman received the Philanthropist Prize in Physics for that discovery and was the twig Asian and the first non-White to receive a Nobel Passion in any branch of science.[4]
Born to Tamil Brahmin parents, Raman was a precocious child, termination his secondary and higher non-essential education from St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School at the draw out of 11 and 13, 1 He topped the bachelor's proportion examination of the University work Madras with honours in physics from Presidency College at exposй 16. His first research observe, on diffraction of light, was published in 1906 while grace was still a graduate admirer. The next year he imitative a master's degree. He one the Indian Finance Service call in Calcutta as Assistant Accountant Communal at age 19. There take steps became acquainted with the Amerind Association for the Cultivation fail Science (IACS), the first delving institute in India, which permissible him to carry out separate disconnected research and where he forceful his major contributions in acoustics and optics.
In 1917, misstep was appointed the first Palit Professor of Physics by Ashutosh Mukherjee at the Rajabazar Body of laws College under the University work at Calcutta. On his first trek to Europe, seeing the Sea Sea motivated him to sort out the prevailing explanation for dignity blue colour of the the briny at the time, namely depiction reflected Rayleigh-scattered light from decency sky, as being incorrect. Agreed founded the Indian Journal acquire Physics in 1926. He mincing to Bangalore in 1933 pact become the first Indian superintendent of the Indian Institute indifference Science. He founded the Amerindian Academy of Sciences the total year. He established the Raman Research Institute in 1948 circle he worked to his ultimate days.
The Raman effect was discovered on 28 February 1928. The day is celebrated yearly by the Government of Bharat as the National Science Offering.
Early life and education
C. Categorically. Raman was born in Tiruchirappalli in the Madras Presidency cut into British India (now Tiruchirapalli, Dravidian Nadu, India) to TamilIyerBrahmin parents,[5][6] Chandrasekhar Ramanathan Iyer and Parvathi Ammal.[7] He was the quickly of eight siblings.[8] His clergyman was a teacher at smart local high school, and fitting a modest income. He recalled: "I was born with fine copper spoon in my successful. At my birth my daddy was earning the magnificent income of ten rupees per month!"[9] In 1892, his family stilted to Visakhapatnam (then Vizagapatam fine Vizag) in Andhra Pradesh sort his father was appointed commerce the faculty of physics assume Mrs A.V. Narasimha Rao College.[10]
Raman was educated at the Break Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School, Visakhapatnam.[11] He passed matriculation at seethe 11 and the First Query in Arts examination (equivalent get trapped in today's intermediate examination, pre-university course) with a scholarship at conduct operations 13,[8][12] securing first position confined both under the Andhra Pradesh school board (now Andhra Pradesh Board of Secondary Education) examination.[13]
In 1902, Raman joined Presidency Academy in Madras (now Chennai) place his father had been transferred to teach mathematics and physics.[14] In 1904, he obtained first-class B.A. degree from the Campus of Madras, where he not beautiful first and won the jewels medals in physics and English.[13] At age 18, while break off a graduate student, he available his first scientific paper fix "Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due pause a rectangular aperture" in representation British journal Philosophical Magazine pierce 1906.[15] He earned an M.A. degree from the same formation with highest distinction in 1907.[16][17] His second paper published grind the same journal that gathering was on surface tension make known liquids.[18] It was alongside Nobleman Rayleigh's paper on the vulnerability of ear to sound,[19] cope with from which Lord Rayleigh begun to communicate with Raman, delightfully addressing him as Professor.[13]
Aware assault Raman's capacity, his physics tutor Rhishard Llewellyn Jones insisted purify continue research in England. Golfer arranged for Raman's physical scrutiny with Colonel (Sir Gerald) Giffard.[20] Raman often had poor infirmity and was considered as first-class "weakling."[21] The inspection revealed guarantee he would not withstand excellence harsh weathers of England,[10] blue blood the gentry incident of which he following recalled, and said, "[Giffard] examined me and certified that Unrestrainable was going to die donation tuberculosis… if I were anticipate go to England."[22]
Career
Raman's elder fellow-man Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar had connubial the prestigious Indian government bragging, Indian Finance Service (now Amerind Audit and Accounts Service).[23] Raman followed suit and qualified get something done the Indian Finance Service evolution first position in the entr‚e examination in February 1907.[24] Settle down was posted in Calcutta (now Kolkata) as Assistant Accountant Common in June 1907.[10]
He was supremely impressed by the Indian Firm for the Cultivation of Body of knowledge (IACS), Calcutta, the first probation institute founded in India dynasty 1876.[22] He immediately befriended Asutosh Dey (who would eventually alter his lifelong collaborator), Amrita Lal Sircar (the founder Mahendralal Sircar's son and secretary of IACS), and Ashutosh Mukherjee (executive participator of the IACS and Key of the University of Calcutta). With their support, he acquired permission to conduct research irate IACS in his own interval even "at very unusual hours," as Raman later reminisced.[13] Better to that time the school had not yet recruited universal researchers,[25] or produced any trial paper.[10] Raman's article "Newton's rings in polarised light" published revere Nature in 1907 became glory first from the institute.[26] Probity work inspired IACS to advertise a journal, Bulletin of Amerindic Association for the Cultivation prime Science, in 1909 in which Raman was the major contributor.[13]
In 1909, Raman was transferred get snarled Rangoon, British Burma (now Myanmar), to take up the selection of currency officer. After single a few months, he confidential to return to Madras trade in his father died from set illness. The subsequent death tip off his father and funeral rituals compelled him to remain about for the rest of birth year.[27] Soon after he resumed office at Rangoon, he was transferred back to India shock defeat Nagpur, Maharashtra, in 1910.[28] Unexcitable before he served a generation in Nagpur, he was promoted to Accountant General in 1911 and again posted to Calcutta.[27]
From 1915, the University of Calcutta started assigning research scholars get somebody on your side Raman at IACS. Sudhangsu Kumar Banerji (who later become Bumptious General of Observatories of Bharat Meteorological Department), a PhD pupil under Ganesh Prasad, was dominion first student.[29] From the support year, other universities followed honest including University of Allahabad, Rangoon University, Queen's College Indore, Academy of Science, Nagpur, Krisnath Academy, and University of Madras. Do without 1919, Raman had guided improved than a dozen students.[30] Pursuing Sircar's death in 1919, Raman received two honorary positions defer IACS, Honorary Professor and Spontaneous Secretary.[25] He referred to that period as the "golden era" of his life.[31]
Raman was chosen by the University get into Calcutta to become the Palit Professor of Physics, a disposition established after the benefactor Sir Taraknath Palit, in 1913. Description university senate made the misfortune on 30 January 1914, chimp recorded in the meeting minutes:
The following appointments to loftiness Palit Professorships were made accessible the meeting of the Diet on 30 January 1914: Dr P C Ray and In the open C.V. Raman, MA... The panic of each Professor shall acceptably permanent. A Professor shall unload his office upon completion depart sixtieth year of his age.[13]
Prior to 1914, Ashutosh Mukherjee esoteric invited Jagadish Chandra Bose fall prey to take up the position, nevertheless Bose declined.[32] As a secondly choice, Raman became the head Palit Professor of Physics on the other hand was delayed for taking surgery the position as World Battle I broke out. It was only in 1917 when significant joined Rajabazar Science College, dexterous campus created by the Institution of higher education of Calcutta in 1914, ditch he became a full-fledged professor.[13] He reluctantly resigned as neat civil servant after a period of service, which was dubious as "supreme sacrifice"[25] since reward salary as a professor would be roughly half of dominion salary at the time. On the contrary to his advantage, the qualifications and conditions as a prof were explicitly indicated in nobility report of his joining significance university, which stated:
Mr C.V. Raman's acceptance of the Sir Standardized N Palit Professorship on stipulation that he will not nominate required to go out recompense India... Reported that Mr Byword. V. Raman joined his time as Palit Professor of Physics from 2.7.17... Mr Raman revise that he will not live required to take any lesson work in MA and MSc classes, to the detriment loom his own research or active advanced students in their researches.[29]
Raman's appointment as the Palit Academician was strongly objected to surpass some members of the Mother of parliaments of the University of Calcutta, especially foreign members, as put your feet up had no PhD and esoteric never studied abroad. As dinky kind of rebuttal, Asutosh Mukherjee arranged for an honorary DSc which the University of Calcutta conferred Raman in 1921. Rank same year he visited University to deliver a lecture move the Congress of Universities as a result of the British Empire.[33] He locked away earned quite a reputation indifferent to then, and his hosts were Nobel laureates J. J. Physicist and Lord Rutherford.[34] Upon coronate election as Fellow of goodness Royal Society in 1924, Mukherjee asked him of his tomorrow's plans, which he replied, adage, "The Nobel Prize of course."[25] In 1926, he established depiction Indian Journal of Physics topmost acted as the first editor.[35] The second volume of excellence journal published his famous argument "A new radiation", reporting say publicly discovery of the Raman effect.[36][37]
Raman was succeeded by Debendra Mohan Bose as the Palit Fellow in 1932. Following his depression as Director of the Amerindian Institute of Science (IISc) make real Bangalore, he left Calcutta pointed 1933.[38] Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV, the King of Mysore, Jamsetji Tata and Nawab Sir Mir Osman Ali Khan, the Nizam of Hyderabad, had contributed interpretation lands and funds for influence Indian Institute of Science dash Bangalore. The Viceroy of Bharat, Lord Minto approved the confirmation in 1909, and the Island government appointed its first chairman, Morris Travers.[39] Raman became integrity fourth director and the pull it off Indian director. During his tenantry at IISc, he recruited Vague. N. Ramachandran, who later went on to become a gala X-ray crystallographer. He founded rank Indian Academy of Sciences heavens 1934 and started publishing leadership academy's journal Proceedings of authority Indian Academy of Sciences (later split up into Proceedings - Mathematical Sciences, Journal of Chemic Sciences, and Journal of Rake System Science).[34] Around that ahead the Calcutta Physical Society was established, the concept of which he had initiated early anxiety 1917.[13]
With his former student Panchapakesa Krishnamurti, Raman started a unit called Travancore Chemical and Developed Co. Ltd. in 1943.[40] Rendering company, renamed as TCM With all mod cons in 1996, was one brake the first organic and man-made chemical manufacturers in India.[41] Utilize 1947, Raman was appointed goodness first National Professor by rectitude new government of independent India.[42]
Raman retired from IISC in 1948 and established the Raman Proof Institute in Bangalore a epoch later. He served as disloyalty director and remained active close to until his death in 1970.[42]
Scientific contributions
Musical sound
One of Raman's interests was on the scientific raison d'кtre of musical sounds. He was inspired by Hermann von Helmholtz's The Sensations of Tone, primacy book he came across while in the manner tha he joined IACS.[24] He publicized his findings prolifically between 1916 and 1921. He worked abroad the theory of transverse reverberation of bowed string instruments homegrown on superposition of velocities. Work out of his earliest studies was on the wolf tone involve violins and cellos.[43][44] He intentional the acoustics of various shell-game and related instruments, including Amerind stringed instruments,[45][46] and water splashes.[47] He even performed what unwind called "Experiments with mechanically-played violins."[48]
Raman also studied the uniqueness be defeated Indian drums.[49] His analyses assert the harmonic nature of ethics sounds of tabla and mridangam were the first scientific studies on Indian percussions.[50] He wrote a critical research on tension of the pianoforte string delay was known as Kaufmann's theory.[51] During his brief visit close England in 1921, he managed to study how sound cruise in the Whispring Gallery admonishment the dome of St Paul's Cathedral in London that produces unusual sound effects.[52][53] His thought on acoustics was an smarting prelude, both experimentally and conceptually, to his later works impersonation optics and quantum mechanics.[54]
Blue tint of the sea
Raman, in top broadening venture on optics, in operation to investigate scattering of luminosity starting in 1919.[55] His culminating phenomenal discovery of the physics of light was the depressed color of seawater. During a-one voyage home from England vastness board the S.S. Narkunda import September 1921, he contemplated grandeur blue color of the Sea Sea. Using simple optical press, a pocket-sized spectroscope and marvellous Nicol prism in hand, unwind studied the sea water.[56] Considerate several hypotheses on the hue of the sea propounded sharpen up the time,[57][58] the best communication had been that of Potentate Rayleigh's in 1910, according unexpected which, "The much admired illlighted blue of the deep the deep has nothing to do leave your job the color of water, nevertheless is simply the blue have a phobia about the sky seen by reflection".[59] Rayleigh had correctly described loftiness nature of the blue arch by a phenomenon now notable as Rayleigh scattering,[60] the rush of light and refraction soak particles in the atmosphere.[61] Realm explanation of the blue cast of water was instinctively push as correct. Raman could become visible the water using a Nicol prism to avoid the way of sunlight reflected by character surface. He described how glory sea appears even more ladidah than usual, contradicting Rayleigh.[62]
By the same token soon as the S.S. Narkunda docked in Bombay Harbour (now Mumbai Harbour), Raman finished eminence article "The colour of illustriousness sea" that was published bundle the November 1921 issue unredeemed Nature. He noted that Rayleigh's explanation is "questionable by tidy simple mode of observation" (using Nicol prism).[62] As he thought:
Looking down into the h with a Nicol in innovation of the eye to carve hurt off surface reflections, the connection of the sun's rays could be seen entering the o and appearing by virtue cosy up perspective to converge to a-one point at a considerable taken as a whole inside it. The question is: What is it that diffracts the light and makes untruthfulness passage visible? An interesting pitfall that should be considered clasp this connection is that rendering diffracting particles may, at bottom in part, be the molecules of the water themselves.[13]
Just as he reached Calcutta, he by choice his student K. R. Ramanathan, who was from the Rule of Rangoon, to conduct supplementary research at IACS.[63] By steady 1922, Raman came to span conclusion, as he reported buy the Proceedings of the Queenly Society of London:
It is represented in this paper to press an entirely different view, mosey in this phenomenon, as fence in the parallel case of description colour of the sky, molecular diffraction determines the observed flare and in great measure along with its colour. As a crucial preliminary to the discussion, dialect trig theoretical calculation and experimental matter of the intensity of molecular scattering in water will get into presented.[64]
True to his words, Ramanathan published an elaborate experimental burdensome in 1923.[65] His subsequent peruse of the Bay of Bengal in 1924 provided the adequate evidence.[66] It is now situate that the intrinsic color have a phobia about water is mainly attributed look after the selective absorption of long wavelengths of light in magnanimity red and orange regions domination the spectrum, owing to overtones of the infrared absorbing O-H (oxygen and hydrogen combined) tightness anxiety modes of water molecules.[67]
Raman effect
Main article: Raman scattering
Background
Raman's second chief discovery on the scattering collide light was a new rear of radiation, an eponymous circumstance called the Raman effect.[68] Rear 1 discovering the nature of class scattering that caused blue wits of water, he focused get the principle behind the event. His experiments in 1923 showed the possibility of other firelight rays formed in addition hinder the incident ray when rays was filtered through a purpleness glass in certain liquids skull solids. Ramanathan believed that that was a case of out "trace of fluorescence."[13] In 1925, K. S. Krishnan, a advanced Research Associate, noted the untested background for the existence match an additional scattering line hard by the usual polarised elastic smattering when light scatters through liquid.[69] He referred to the happening as "feeble fluorescence."[70] But righteousness theoretical attempts to justify rank phenomenon were quite futile endow with the next two years.[71]
Loftiness major impetus was the finding of Compton effect. Arthur Compton at Washington University in Material. Louis had found evidence alter 1923 that electromagnetic waves focus on also be described as particles.[72] By 1927, the phenomenon was widely accepted by scientists, inclusive of Raman.[73] As the news look upon Compton's Nobel Prize in Physics was announced in December 1927, Raman ecstatically told Krishnan, saying:
"Excellent news... very nice indeed. However look here Krishnan. If that is true of X-Rays, ask over must be true of Barely audible too. I have always be taught so. There must be highrise Optical analogue to Compton Cut-off point. We must pursue it coupled with we are on the resolve lines. It must and shall be found. The Nobel Accolade must be won."[74]
But the produce of the inspiration went spanking. As Compton later recollected "that it was probably the Toronto debate that led him run into discover the Raman effect connect years later."[24] The Toronto dialogue was about the discussion carry out the existence of light quantum at the British Association promoter the Advancement of Science coronet held at Toronto in 1924. There Compton presented his ahead of time findings, which William Duane invoke Harvard University argued with realm own with evidence that firelight was a wave.[75] Raman took Duane's side and said, "Compton, you're a very good disputant, but the truth isn't discredit you."[24]
The scattering experiments
Krishnan started goodness experiment in the beginning carryon January 1928.[63] On 7 Jan, he discovered that no substance what kind of pure fluid he used, it always conclude polarised fluorescence within the observable spectrum of light. As Raman saw the result, he was astonished why he never discovered such phenomenon all those years.[63] That night he and Krishnan named the new phenomenon since "modified scattering" with reference put your name down the Compton effect as come unmodified scattering. On 16 Feb, they sent a manuscript lock Nature titled "A new breed of secondary radiation", which was published on 31 March.[77]
On 28 February 1928, they obtained spectra of the modified scattering come from the incident light. Payable to difficulty in measuring decency wavelengths of light, they confidential been relying on visual inspection of the colour produced liberate yourself from sunlight through prism. Raman difficult to understand invented a type of photograph for detecting and measuring electromagnetic waves.[34][78] Referring to the merchandise, Raman later remarked, "When Berserk got my Nobel Prize, Uproarious had spent hardly 200 rupees on my equipment,"[79] although escort was obvious that his complete expenditure for the entire audition was much more than that.[80] From that moment they could employ the instrument using colorful light from a mercury intonation lamp which penetrated transparent subject and was allowed to hopelessness on a spectrograph to not to be disclosed its spectrum. The lines recompense scattering could now be even and photographed.[81][82]
Announcement
The same mediocre, Raman made the announcement a while ago the press. The Associated Test of India reported it leadership next day, on 29 Feb, as "New theory of radiation: Prof. Raman's Discovery."[83] It ran the story as:
Prof. C. Out-and-out. Raman, F.R.S., of the Calcutta University, has made a origination which promises to be rivalry fundamental significance to physics... Glory new phenomenon exhibits features unchanging more startling than those determined by Prof. Compton with X-rays. The principal feature observed level-headed that when matter is hysterical by light of one cast, the atoms contained in break free emit light of two streamer, one of which is varying from the exciting colour endure is lower down the compass. The astonishing thing is defer the altered colour is totally independent of the nature rivalry the substance used.[68]
The news was reproduced by The Statesman finance 1 March under the property "Scattering of Light by Atoms – New Phenomenon – Calcutta Professor's Discovery."[84] Raman submitted spruce three-paragraph report of the betrayal on 8 March to Nature and was published on 21 April.[85] The actual data was sent to the same entry on 22 March and was published on 5 May.[86] Raman presented the formal and lifelike description as "A new radiation" at the meeting of description South Indian Science Association improve Bangalore on 16 March. Realm lecture was published in influence Indian Journal of Physics secret 31 March.[36] A thousand copies of the paper reprint were sent to scientists in varying countries on that day.[37]
Reception instruct outcome
Some physicists, particularly French near German physicists were initially doubtful of the authenticity of goodness discovery. Georg Joos at rectitude Friedrich Schiller University of Jena asked Arnold Sommerfeld at primacy University of Munich, "Do prickly think that Raman's work violent the optical Compton effect decline liquids is reliable?... The uncloudedness of the scattered lines plod liquids seems doubtful to me". Sommerfeld then tried to produce the experiment, but failed.[87] Wrath 20 June 1928, Peter Pringsheim at the University of Songwriter was able to reproduce Raman's results successfully. He was rank first to coin the particulars Ramaneffekt and Linien des Ramaneffekts in his articles published magnanimity following months.[88][89] Use of leadership English versions, "Raman effect" slab "Raman lines" immediately followed.[90][22][91]
In along with to being a new experience itself, the Raman effect was one of the earliest proofs of the quantum nature replicate light. Robert W. Wood shock defeat the Johns Hopkins University was the first American to sustain the Raman effect in honesty early 1929.[92] He made well-organized series of experimental verification, end which he commented, saying, "It appears to me that that very beautiful discovery which resulted from Raman's long and untiring study of the phenomenon acquire light scattering is one lacking the most convincing proofs endorse the quantum theory".[93][94] The universe of Raman spectroscopy came direct to be based on this marvel, and Ernest Rutherford, President clever the Royal Society, referred fight back it in his presentation possession the Hughes Medal to Raman in 1930 as "among justness best three or four discoveries in experimental physics in position last decade".[74]
Raman was confident think about it he would win the Chemist Prize in Physics as in good health but was disappointed when dignity Nobel Prize went to Palaeontologist Richardson in 1928 and scheduled Louis de Broglie in 1929. He was so confident illustrate winning the prize in 1930 that he booked tickets captive July, even though the distinction were to be announced now November. He would scan reprimand day's newspaper for announcement clone the prize, tossing it unpardonable if it did not move the news.[95] He did at the end of the day win that year.[96]
Later work
Raman esoteric association with the Banaras Faith University in Varanasi. He fretful the foundation ceremony of BHU[97] and delivered lectures on math and "Some new paths coach in physics" during the lecture additional room organised at the university unfamiliar 5 to 8 February 1916.[98] He also held the label of permanent visiting professor.[99]
With Suri Bhagavantam, he determined the pivot of photons in 1932, which further confirmed the quantum features of light.[100][91] With another pupil, Nagendra Nath, he provided high-mindedness correct theoretical explanation for ethics acousto-optic effect (light scattering coarse sound waves) in a apartment of articles resulting in justness celebrated Raman–Nath theory.[101] Modulators, wallet switching systems based on that effect have enabled optical act components based on laser systems.[102]
Other investigations he carried out charade experimental and theoretical studies alternative the diffraction of light fail to notice acoustic waves of ultrasonic promote hypersonic frequencies,[103][104] and those deliver the effects produced by X-rays on infrared vibrations in crystals exposed to ordinary light which were published between 1935 stomach 1942.[105][106]
In 1948, through studying depiction spectroscopic behaviour of crystals, without fear approached the fundamental problems drawing crystal dynamics in a additional manner.[107][108] He dealt with illustriousness structure and properties of rhomb from 1944 to 1968,[109][110] ethics structure and optical behaviour noise numerous iridescent substances including labradorite,[111] pearly feldspar,[112]agate,[113]quartz,[114]opal,[115] and pearl accomplish the early 1950s.[116] Among realm other interests were the optics of colloids, and electrical squeeze magnetic anisotropy.[117][118] His last interests in the 1960s were superior biological properties such as leadership colours of flowers and greatness physiology of human vision.[119][120][121]
Personal life
Raman married Lokasundari Ammal, daughter incessantly S. Krishnaswami Iyer who was the Superintendent of Sea Habit at Madras, in 1907.[23] Greatness wedding day is popularly record as on 6 May,[122][123][124] on the other hand Raman's great-niece and biographer, Uma Parameswaran,[125] revealed a factual rush of 2 June 1907.[126] Take off was a self-arranged marriage famous his wife was 13 old.[127][42][128] (Sources are contradicting separation her age as her onset year is specified as 1892,[22][123][124] which would make her feel about 15 years of age; however Parameswaran affirmed the 13-year,[129] substantiated by her obituary in Current Science that mentioned her increase as 86 on her end on 22 May 1980.[130]) Empress wife later jokingly recounted lapse their marriage was not deadpan much about her musical command (she was playing veena considering that they first met) as "the extra allowance which the Guarantee Department gave to its wed officers."[42] The extra allowance refers to an additional INR Cardinal for married officers at authority time.[23] Soon after they touched to Calcutta in 1907, honourableness couple were accused of novelty to Christianity. It was in that they frequently visited St. John's Church, Kolkata as Lokasundari was fascinated with the church song and Raman with the acoustics.[42]
They had two sons, Chandrasekhar Raman and Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, a transmit advertise astronomer. Raman's elder brother Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar's son Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar won the 1983 Nobel Award in Physics.[131]
Throughout his life, Raman developed an extensive personal group of stones, minerals, and funds with interesting light-scattering properties, which he obtained from his artificial travels and as gifts.[132] Illegal often carried a small, handheld spectroscope to study specimens.[133] These, along with his spectrograph, aim on display at IISc.[134][135]
Lord Physicist was instrumental in some unredeemed Raman's most pivotal moments border line life. He nominated Raman hold up the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930, presented him nobleness Hughes Medal as President good buy the Royal Society in 1930, and recommended him for representation position of Director at IISc in 1932.[10]
Raman had a taut of obsession with the Chemist Prize. In a speech look down at the University of Calcutta, take action said, "I'm not flattered brush aside the honour [Fellowship to leadership Royal Society in 1924] impression to me. This is topping small achievement. If there quite good anything that I aspire go for, it is the Nobel Guerdon. You will find that Hilarious get that in five years."[136] He knew that if misstep were to receive the Philanthropist Prize, he could not tarry for the announcement of magnanimity Nobel Committee normally made turn the end of the twelvemonth considering the time required finding reach Sweden by sea route.[137] With confidence, he booked flash tickets, one for his helpmeet, for a steamship to Stockholm in July 1930.[138] Soon name he received the Nobel Reward, he was asked in implicate interview the possible consequences take as read he had discovered the Raman effect earlier, which he replied, "Then I should have communal the Nobel Prize with Compton and I should not be endowed with liked that; I would fairly receive the whole of it."[139]
Religious views
Although Raman hardly talked about religion, he was unhesitatingly an agnostic,[140] but objected infer being labelled atheist.[21] His incredulousness was largely influenced by stray of his father who adhered to the philosophies of Musician Spencer, Charles Bradlaugh, and Parliamentarian G. Ingersoll.[141] He resented Asiatic traditional rituals[142] but did gather together give them up in cover circles.[143][144] He was also bogus by the philosophy of Advaita Vedanta.[145] Traditional pagri (Indian turban) with a tuft underneath distinguished a upanayana (Hindu sacred thread) were his signature attire. Even supposing it was not customary stamp out wear turbans in South Soldier culture, he explained his costume as, "Oh, if I outspoken not wear one, my purpose will swell. You all put on a pedestal me so much and Funny need a turban to include my ego."[24] He even attributed his turban for the credit he received on his supreme visit to England, particular take from J. J. Thomson and Sovereign Rutherford.[42] In a public talk, he once said,
There is cack-handed Heaven, no Swarga, no Gehenna, no rebirth, no reincarnation soar no immortality. The only shape that is true is put off a man is born, be active lives and he dies. Thus, he should live his assured properly.[146]
In a friendly meeting do better than Mahatma Gandhi and Gilbert Rahm, a German zoologist, the colloquy turned to religion. Raman spoke,
I shall answer your [Rahm's] smidgen. If there is a Deity we must look for him in the Universe. If sharp-tasting is not there, he silt not worth looking for... Rank growing discoveries in the body of knowledge of astronomy and physics feel to be further and newborn revelations of God.[21]
On his leaving, he said to his helpmeet, "I believe only in prestige Spirit of Man," and intentionally for his funeral, "Just calligraphic clean and simple cremation tend me, no mumbo-jumbo please."[142]
Death
At nobility end of October 1970, Raman had a cardiac arrest topmost collapsed in his laboratory. Crystalclear was moved to the polyclinic where doctors diagnosed his reluctance and declared that he would not survive for another two hours.[147] He however survived unembellished few days and requested walk stay in the gardens cataclysm his institute surrounded by king followers and fans.[148]
Two days earlier Raman died, he told skin texture of his former students, "Do not allow the journals be keen on the Academy to die, aim they are the sensitive signal your intention of the quality of body of knowledge being done in the declare and whether science is captivating root in it or not."[42] That evening, Raman met skilled the Board of Management go along with his institute in his kissable and discussed with them integrity fate of the institute's management.[148] He also willed his little woman to perform a simple funeral without any rituals upon top death. He died from ingenuous causes early the next daybreak on 21 November 1970 on tap the age of 82.[147]
Pick the news of Raman's ephemerality, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi straightforward announced, saying,
The country, the Abode [of Parliament], and everyone garbage us will mourn the surround of Dr. C. V. Raman. He was the greatest human of modern India and sidle of the greatest intellects tart country has produced in well-fitting long history. His mind was like the diamond, which type studied and explained. His life's work consisted in throwing make inroads upon the nature of brightening, and the world honoured him in many ways for righteousness new knowledge which he won for science.[149]
Controversies
The Nobel Prize
Independent discovery
In 1928, Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelstam at the Moscow Bring back University independently discovered the Raman effect. They published their alertness in July issue of Naturwissenschaften,[150] and presented their findings comatose the Sixth Congress of honesty Russian Association of Physicists retained at Saratov between 5 have a word with 16 August.[151] In 1930, they were nominated for the Altruist Prize alongside Raman. According cause somebody to the Nobel Committee, however: (1) the Russians did not come forward to an independent interpretation confiscate their discovery as they insignificant Raman's article; (2) they discovered the effect only in crystals, whereas Raman and Krishnan empirical it in solids, liquids become more intense gases, and therefore proved depiction universal nature of the effect; (3) the problems concerning nobility intensity of Raman and frequence lines in the spectra difficult been explained during the former year; (4) the Raman plan had been applied with in case of emergency success in different fields nominate molecular physics; and (5) position Raman effect had effectively helped to check the symmetry grant of molecules, and thus dignity problems concerning nuclear spin ton atomic physics.[152]
The Nobel Committee wishedfor only Raman's name to loftiness Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for the Nobel Prize.[152] Basis later appeared that the Russians had discovered the phenomenon hitherto, a week before Raman become peaceful Krishnan's discovery.[153] According to Mandelstam's letter (to Orest Khvolson), rank Russian had observed the incorporeal line on 21 February 1928.[154]
Role of Krishnan
Krishnan was not appointed for the Nobel Prize level though he was the drawing researcher in discovering the Raman effect.[87] He alone first esteemed the new scattering.[63] Krishnan co-authored all the scientific papers summit the discovery in 1928 but two. He alone wrote riot the follow-up studies.[155][156][157] Krishnan man never claimed himself worthy submit the prize.[158] But Raman familiar later that Krishnan was authority co-discoverer.[87] He however remained honestly antagonistic towards Krishnan, which birth latter described as "the leading tragedy of my life."[158] Name Krishnan's death, Raman said sort out a correspondent from The Age of India, "Krishnan was blue blood the gentry greatest charlatan I have memorable, and all his life be active masqueraded in the cloak match another man's discovery."[159]
The Raman–Born controversy
From October 1933 to March 1934, Max Born was employed get ahead of IISc as Reader in Impracticable Physics following the invitation from one side to the ot Raman early in 1933.[160] Citizen at the time was adroit refugee from Nazi Germany perch temporarily employed at St John's College, Cambridge.[161] Since the stare of the 20th century Citizen had developed a theory stage set lattice dynamics based on thermic properties.[162] He presented his premise in one of his lectures at IISc. By then Raman had developed a different judgment and claimed that Born's belief contradicted the experimental data.[160] Their debate lasted for decades.[163][164]
In that dispute, Born received support suffer the loss of most physicists,[165] as his parade was proven to be wonderful better explanation.[160] Raman's theory was generally regarded as having one-sided relevance.[166] Beyond the intellectual discussion, their rivalry extended to true and social levels. Born succeeding said that Raman probably sensitivity of him as an "enemy."[160] Despite the mounting evidence stand for Born's theory, Raman refused pact concede. As the editor rule Current Science he rejected come to that supported Born's theory.[167] Innate was nominated several times engage in the Nobel Prize specifically be aware his contributions to lattice assumption, and eventually won it book his statistical works on quantum mechanics in 1954. The edge was written as a "belated Nobel Prize."[168]
Indian authorities
Raman had blueprint aversion to the then Capital Minister of IndiaJawaharlal Nehru good turn Nehru's policies on science. Tear one instance he smashed prestige bust of Nehru on greatness floor. In another, he blighted his Bharat Ratna medallion revivify pieces with a hammer, restructuring it was given to him by the Nehru government.[169][170] Inaccuracy publicly ridiculed Nehru when excellence latter visited the Raman Evaluation Institute in 1948. There they displayed a piece of amber and copper against an uv light. Nehru was tricked let somebody borrow believing that copper which glowed more brilliantly than any additional metal was gold. Raman was quick to remark, "Mr Capital Minister, everything that glitters problem not gold."[171]
On the same chance Nehru, offered Raman financial take care of to his institute which Raman flatly refused by replying, "I certainly don't want this advice become another government laboratory."[147] Raman was particularly against the seize of research programmes by honesty government such as in description establishment of the Bhabha Microscopic Research Centre (BARC), Defense Inquiry and Development Organization (DRDO), become peaceful the Council of Scientific gift Industrial Research (CSIR).[167][172] He remained hostile to people associated seam these establishments including Homi Count. Bhabha, S.S. Bhatnagar, and king once favourite student, Krishnan. Recognized even called such programmes variety the "Nehru–Bhatnagar effect."[173][174][175] In 1959, Raman proposed to establish substitute research institute in Madras. Honourableness Government of Madras advised him to apply for funds stick up the central government. But Raman clearly foresaw as he replied to C. Subramaniam, then nobleness Minister for Finance Education loaded Madras, that his proposal suggest Nehru's government "would be trip over with a refusal." So disappointed the plan.[172]
Raman described AICC civil service as "a big tamasha" (drama or spectacle) that just engaged on discussing issues without motion. As to problems of go running resources in India, his alarm to the government was, "We must stop breeding like dominant and the matter will answer itself."[136]
Indian Academy of Sciences
The Asian Academy of Sciences was autochthon out of conflicts during birth procedures of the proposal bolster a national scientific organization make real line with the Royal Society.[176] In 1933, the Indian Body of laws Congress Association (ISCA), at interpretation time the largest scientific logic, planned to establish a formal science body, which would nurture authorized to advise the governance on scientific matters.[177]Sir Richard Pontiff, then editor of Nature, imagination his visit to India difficult to understand suggested Raman, as editor bring in Current Science, to establish inspiration Indian Academy of Sciences. Raman thought that it should print an exclusively Indian membership on account of opposed to the general chorus that British members should attach included. He resolved "How commode India Science prosper under decency tutelage of an academy which has its own council get through 30, 15 of who plot Britishers of whom only deuce or three are fit skimpy to be its Fellows." Exert yourself 1 April 1933, he convened a separate meeting of honourableness South Indian scientists. He skull Subba Rao officially resigned dismiss ISCA.[178]
Raman registered the new put up as the Indian Academy dig up Sciences on 24 April withstand the Registrar of Societies.[177] Give was a provisional name give somebody no option but to be changed to the Imperial Society of India after approbation from the Royal Charter. Nobility Government of India did call recognize it as an authorized national scientific body, as specified the ICSA created a keep apart organization named the National Society of Sciences of India get away 7 January 1935 (but retrace your steps changed to the Indian Countrywide Science Academy in 1970).[178] INSA had been led by interpretation foremost rivals of Raman plus Meghnad Saha, Bhabha, Bhatnagar, stake Krishnan.[176]
Indian Institute of Science
Raman locked away a great fallout with primacy authorities at the Indian Institution of Science (IISc). He was accused of biased development cultivate physics while ignoring other fields.[160] He lacked diplomatic personality fitting other colleagues, which S. Ramaseshan, his nephew and later Full of yourself of IISc, reminisced, saying, "Raman went in there like trim bull in a china shop."[142] He wanted research in physics at the level of those of western institutes, but swot the expense of other comic of science.[160]Max Born observed, "Raman found a sleepy place hoop very little work was utilize done by a number cherished extremely well–paid people."[142] At rectitude Council meeting, Kenneth Aston, don in the Electrical Technology Office, harshly criticized Raman and Raman's recruitment of Born. Raman challenging every intention of giving class full position of professor next Born.[24] Aston even made top-hole personal attack on Born moisten referring to him as gentle "who was rejected by climax own country, a renegade gift therefore a second-rate scientist apraxic to be part of loftiness faculty, much less to produce the head of the commitee of physics."[179]
The Council of IISc constituted a review committee picture oversee Raman's conduct in Jan 1936. The committee, chaired make wet James Irvine, Principal and Director of the University of Released Andrews, reported in March stray Raman had misused the income and entirely shifted the "centre of gravity" towards research confine physics, and also that magnanimity proposal of Born as Prof of Mathematical Physics (which was already approved by the Assembly in November 1935) was very different from financially feasible.[160] The Council offered Raman two choices, either set upon resign from the institute accurate effect from 1 April will resign as the Director flourishing continue as Professor of physics; if he did not pull off the choice, he was hard by be fired. Raman was predisposed to take up the subsequent choice.[180]
The Royal Society
Raman never seemed to have thought highly accustomed the Fellowship of the Sovereign Society.[136] He tendered his remission as a Fellow on 9 March 1968, which the Congress of the Royal Society thrust on 4 April. However, rectitude exact reason was not documented.[181] One reason could be Raman's objection to the designation "British subjects" as one of justness categories of the Fellows. Singularly after the Independence of Bharat, the Royal Society had wear smart clothes own disputes on this matter.[182]
According to Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, The Author Times